Major Issues of Higher Education in Pakistan Literature review

Significant Issues of Higher Education in Pakistan - Literature survey Example This paper pronounces that separated from the risky instructive arrangements one of the significant issues in advanced education is sexual orientation distinction. There is huge imbalance among male and female understudies. A few fields are simply committed to females on cultural level, for example, clinical calling. In spite of this designing and innovation divisions are generally loaded up with male understudies. Instruction gives numerous advantages separated from the procurement of social force and accordingly there ought not be sexual orientation contrasts. The brain improvement, basic reasoning, the board abilities and organization are totally connected with training. In the event that females are disheartened to take on colleges, at that point it is difficult to expect that Pakistan will advance on national level. This report makes an end that equivalent chance and authoritative structures are really impacted by both the miniaturized scale and large scale social elements. Since ladies face sexual orientation separation at the college level along these lines they are presented to comparable issues during their stay at associations which surely mirrors the lower virtues instructed at the advanced education foundations. Despite the fact that examination exercises are expanding in Pakistan yet generally speaking there is a colossal hole between the interest and gracefully of experts who can really direct quality exploration work. Moreover, the private part colleges are seen as responsive to the genuine market requests while permitting youth to get to better instruction offices. In any case, these offices are as yet deficient when contrasted with the quantity of people seeking after advanced education in the nation

Coming unstuck Essay Example for Free

Unhinging Essay beneath. Anybody perusing your reaction ought to have an away from of where your exploration will happen and what addresses intrigue you. Here’s where you’ll distinguish and plan to overcome any likely deterrents. 1) Exactly which fieldsite did you select? Why? What is your related knowledge with this site? Is it true that you are concentrating up, down or over? Clarify. I chose the bistro as the field site of my arranged investigation since the social connections and conduct of the supporters and the coffeehouse staff are intriguing thus much can be gained from them particularly in their connections, the day by day trades of merriments and data and for generally, going to the café is a propensity that they do every day. I am intrigued at how a coffeehouse can take on various implications to the individuals who visit it and how they coactively share the space in the bistro as their own. I have been to this café various occasions, enough to get comfortable with the servers and I had seen at least two individuals at a similar seat at whatever point I visit the shop. I additionally had a few companions go to the shop yet take their requests in a hurry and they have normal requests which the servers appear to have retained. I realize that there has been a racket for concentrating up (Priyadharshini, 2003), yet since it includes the issue of intensity and authority which in a bistro isn't so much obvious, I would prefer to do an examination over the connections of the clients and the café staff just as across clients. This would empower me to watch and comprehend the social standards, collaborations, and codes in the shop which might be clear to the clients and staff the same. 2) What assumptions do you have about this space and the individuals that occupy it? What are the obstructions an anthropologist may look in considering this spot from an emic point of view? How would you intend to conquer these snags? I have consistently loved heading off to this bistro, the servers are amicable, they have a really smart thought of what's going on to individuals, they rush to see changes in their supporters and they have incredible food. The espresso is likewise generally excellent and at whatever point I need a handy solution or when I am exhausted I like setting off to this coffeehouse. This bistro isn't care for the cutting edge in the open air types or like the ones frequented by youthful experts and understudies. This coffeehouse is a greater amount of the network cafe which serves breakfast and espresso. This spot has an agreeable climate and everybody appears to know one another, a few people drop by the shop on their way home or even have informal breakfast here. Be that as it may, since the spot is enjoyable and prone to be frequented by regulars, being acknowledged as another client is troublesome. For instance, another client might be seen by everyone and the individuals there probably won't carry on as they as a rule do within the sight of an outsider. I may confront this trouble on the off chance that I begin to visit the café to lead my perception on the grounds that regardless of whether they know about me, they realize that I just go there two times per week, on the off chance that I go there ordinary, they may think it odd. The emic point of view centers around the inherent social qualifications that are significant to the individuals from a given society or gathering (Haviland, Prins, Walrath McBride, 2008). An anthropologist may experience issues in utilizing this point of view in light of the fact that the bistro is a short lived, that is, individuals gone to the spot deliberately and albeit a few regulars do as such every day, there are the individuals who do so just when they can, however it doesn't imply that they are not part of the gathering or that they have no enrollment to this gathering. An anthropologist must have the option to infiltrate the gathering to have the option to become familiar with the way of life and social connections of those in the café. I intend to beat this deterrent by changing the example at which I visit the café and by showing that I like being in the spot before the beginning of my field perception. Thusly, the individuals in the coffeehouse would not get dubious and they would not be consistently aware of my quality. Since the objective of the examination is to decide the internal social codes of the individuals in the café, I ought not decipher any trades or associations dependent on my own predispositions since the bistro individuals appoint their own importance and understandings. 3) Generate at any rate five subjective, ethnographic exploration interrogates that intrigue you concerning this site. Clarify how these inquiries identify with what you have just watched. 1. How does the gathering characterize and relegate enrollment to the café regulars? 2. For what reason do regulars visit the bistro? 3. What is the nature of the connection between the bistro clients and the servers? 4. How does the gathering settle struggle inside clients and servers? 5. How do the clients esteem the bistro and its administrations? I have seen that there is obviously a feeling of gathering participation in the coffeehouse and I might want to discover how the gathering appoint enrollment does and how implications they append to turning into a part. Since being an ordinary is predefined as frequenting the foundation, I would likewise need to discover the purposes behind frequenting the shop. The connection between the clients and the servers are clear, however I need to comprehend what sort of relationship it is and how do the two gatherings characterize their relationship and whether it stretches out to their lives outside of the shop. Strife is a reality for most gatherings or when at least two individuals are included, I am interested with regards to how the individuals react to struggle and how they settle it. Finally, it is seen that the café is something beyond the espresso and the food to the clients; I would need to discover how the client esteems the coffeehouse. References Priyadharshini, E. (2003). Unhinging: Thinking in any case about Studying Up. Human sciences Education Quarterly, 34; 4, 420-437. Haviland, W. , Prins, H. , Walrath, D. McBride, B. (2008). Humanities: The Human Challenge twelfth ed. California: Wadsworth/Thomson.

Rodgers And Hammerstein Essay Example For Students

Rodgers And Hammerstein Essay There are some notable lyricists and authors, however just a couple of leave such amark as Rodgers and Hammerstein. This pair delivered nine melodic plays duringtheir association and caused a significant change in melodic satire. They set thestandards that are followed right up 'til the present time in melodic history. They made themodern melodic that we as a whole know and love. Before they became Rodgers andHammerstein, they were basically Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, both ofNew York City. Hammerstein, conceived in 1895, was raised in a dramatic family. His dad was an operatic director, also called an operadirector or supervisor. He assembled the Harlem Opera House(1888) and the ManhattanOpera House(1906) and furthermore acquainted numerous new vocalists with the US. From a veryyoung age Hammerstein II focused on the auditorium despite the fact that his familydiscouraged him. When he was mature enough to have work in his fatherstheatrical business, he dedicated himself to his obligations and learned as much as hecould about play creation and the works of the theater craftsman. Oscareventually collaborated with creator Otto Harbach and writer Vincent Youmans toproduce Wildflower. With assistance from Harbach, Hammerstein started to createprofessional material for Broadway. Through Otto Harbach, Hammerstein was ledinto cooperation with Jerome Kern for Sunday. He likewise worked with HerbertStothart and George Gershwin on Song of the Flame, an extremely fruitless show. Butdespite the shows disappointment, it led Hammerstein to focus on creatingoperetta so as to incorporate melodic satire with drama. In view of this, hewas ready to make new norms for progress in his profession with his verses forThe Wild Rose and The Desert Song. By 1927, after a couple of more productions,Hammerstein had accomplished the specialized aptitude that permitted him to give acomposer an utilitarian book and verses. This was best appeared in Showboat, thefirst present day American melodic. Showboat was the principal show that indicatedHammersteins extraordinary ability. Hammerstein had the option to make a conceivable plot,situation,and portrayal. At the front line of this show wasHammersteins worry for the southern blacks. This show contributedcommentary on racial preference which Hammerstein would consistently do. This wasa large advance for the 1920s and a tremendous triumph when the show was so widelyappreciated. Regardless of the guarantee demonstrated by Showboat, Hammerstein did notproduce works of similar accomplishment somewher e in the range of 1928 and 1940. A portion of his forgottenshows from that time are Free for All, Three Sisters, May Wine and severalothers. By 1941 it was obvious that aside from Showboat, Hammerstein had notsucceeded in making a praised assemblage of work outside the operetta structure. Richard Rodgers , conceived in 1902, in contrast to Hammerstein, was not naturally introduced to thetheater, however his folks ensured he was refined in the realm of musicaltheater at an early age. One of his most punctual cherished recollections was of hisparents singing the full vocal scores from the most recent musicals1. By age six,Rodgers had instructed himself to play piano and was then given piano exercises by hisproud guardians. They additionally urged him to make a vocation in music. LikeHammerstein, Rodgers commitment to the auditorium started right off the bat in his life. Rodgers was particularly affected by Jerome Kerns appears and considered him ahero. At the point when Rodgers was nine, he started to make tunes out of his own andeventually figured out how to think of them as well. At fourteen he created his first twocomplete tunes, Campfire Days and The Auto Show Girl. While still inhigh school, he composed scores for two novice appears, One Minute Please and UpState and Down, after which he was urged to discover a lyricist and start aprofessional tune creating course of action. Rodgers discovered Lorenz Hart. They met in1918 and quickly hit it off. Both were extremely satisfied with every othersabilities and an innovative association was made, just as a dear companionship. Theirfirst show together was Fly with Me, which was performed for ColumbiaUniversity. Broadway man Lew Fields saw the show and educated the pair that heintended to utilize a portion of their melodies in his next Broadway melodic, Poor LittleRitz Girl2 . Albeit just seven of the numbers were utilized, it presented to Rodgersinto the universe of Broadway musicals. Rodgers and Hart teamed up from 1918 to1943 and created twenty-seven phase musicals and eight movie scores. .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .postImageUrl , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:hover , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:visited , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:active { border:0!important; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:active , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u 38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u38355c1412f64358 96c362dabf90fe3a .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Life of Mary Shelley EssayAlmost all their work was fruitful and their science as an innovative group waspaying off. In the late 1930s however, Hart and Rodgers became separated in light of the fact that ofemotional issues Hart was having. In the long run Hart left Rodgers anddied in 1943. Rodgers and Hammerstein at long last met in the mid 1940s. Theirfirst show was Oklahoma! which debut a triumph and started the arrangement of smashhits for Rodgers and Hammerstein. Their different shows were Carousel (1945),Allegro (1947), South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951), Me and Juliet(1953), Pipe Dream (1955), Flower Drum Song ( 1958), and The Sound of Music(1959). They likewise did the film, State Fair (1945), and the TV musical,Cinderella (1957). The fundamental explanation Rodgers and Hammerstein were so successfuland had such an effect on melodic venue was that they figured anddemonstrated standards about their specialty that raised the mainstream musicalstage from amusement to art3 . At the end of the day, they raised thestandards and desires for the melodic to something other than amusement forthe crowd to appreciate, and made being a melodic theater entertainer an aptitude and anart. The standards they made were as per the following. To start with, the two of them concurred thatthe tune served the play as opposed to the other way around. This idea is the thing that helps makea melodic increasingly credible. Second, Rodgers and Hammerstein shows were verysincere and legitimate. Both Rodgers and Hammerstein were sentimental people and saw nothingwrong with pleasantness and straightforwardness. Joseph F ields, a partner on FlowerDrum Song, said that Oscar truly accepted that affection overcomes all, thatvirtue triumphs, that fantasies come true.4 . Rodgers felt comparatively. Whatswrong with pleasantness and light? Its been around for some time. Indeed, even a clicheyou know has a privilege to be true5 This idea props individuals up back to seemusicals, in light of the fact that regardless of how grievous things are you can generally discover a beam ofhope in a melodic. For instance, in The Sound of Music, the nation is about toenter war, individuals are being captured and there is catastrophe all over the place, however theVanTrappes escape, which happens to show that there is trust. At long last, Rodgers andHammerstein made certain to keep up an expert relationship between all individuals from aproduction group: maker, essayist, writer, executive, choreographer, actor,scenery and so on. They demonstrated that a takes collaboration to create a show and that meanscollaboration from all sides consistently of a creation. Hammerstein andRodgers set the form for the delicate connection between any gathering ofcollaborators through the manner in which they cooperated. Rodgers and Hammersteinrevolutionized melodic theater. They fashioned new degrees of execution and alsoof creation, that are presently the norms for musicals in America. Their successis attached in their commitment to the theater, their capacity to bring crowds into their shows by making their shows credible yet nostalgic and theirability to team up so well together. This is the reason their shows are still beingperformed in theaters everywhere throughout the world. They are genuine fore dads in Americanmusical theater. Bibliography1) The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, third ed. New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1994. 2) Fordin, Hugh. Becoming more acquainted with him: A Biography of OscarHammerstein II. New York:

Leading Lovers Dreamers Into Musical Delight by The Tallest Man On Earth free essay sample

AUSTIN, Texas After an exquisite evening time examining the dynamic dress racks of Buffalo Exchange and eating a tasty mushroom quiche from Mother’s Cafe Garden, a veggie lover eatery, my companion Grace and I took our vegetarian Chocolate Mocha Torte and blueberry pie to go, advancing toward Antone’s Nightclub on sixth Street in Austin, Texas. At the point when we showed up to the setting, a tolerable measured line wound around the side of the structure with people yelling inquiries from their vehicles about who it was we were all holding on to see. Different school matured looking children with fashionable person glasses and granola thermals hollered back, â€Å"THE TALLEST MAN ON EARTH!† We were all noticeably fed to see the little known society saint. Bon Iver drummer Sean Carey opened the night with his own band, S. Carey. Their delicate, Local Natives-esque harmonies felt to some degree strange among the chatty Antone’s swarm, yet Carey’s own sweet falsetto glided over the conflicting, melodic instrumentals. We will compose a custom exposition test on Driving Lovers Dreamers Into Musical Delight: by The Tallest Man On Earth or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page His band-mates were all incredible performers, particularly the bassist who beat his bass with an enthusiasm. At the point when he shut his eyes you could feel each note made from his fingers. In any case, the set all in all was dull and I got myself happy that it was so short. Each melody seemed like it was cut from a similar example: a moderate form, far reaching, wispy singing, and afterward a breakdown to end everything. The main fascinating piece of their short set was the point at which the bassist and Carey went cuckoo for long seconds (minutes?), tearing at the strings and striking against the low tom, the two sticks hammering on the drum skin. I have heard that their collection All We Go is a great feature of true to life climate, and regardless of whether I didn’t love them live in a club, I am not against giving S. Carey another tune in on a slow, peaceful day. After S. Carey stripped down, a more established man with a tremendous paunch strolled in front of an audience. Shockingly and disarray, the man pushed up his glasses and started to peruse a unique sonnet about dew and a supplicating mantis. It was staggeringly odd, and I was calmed when the second was finished and he left the club. It was awkward seeing a potentially precarious man recount verse to a buzzy swarm, yet Nothing more needs to be said. It’s Austin and they keep it abnormal. At long last, after my feet started to throb in my boots, a little man jumped up onto the stage like somewhat, deft, Swedish mythical person. Kristian Matsson, attractive in a James Dean design, essentially strolled over the stage causing the group to go wild and he modestly smiled at the whistles and hollers. While tuning one of his four guitars, he moved from left to right watching out into the sold out mass, looking into splendid eyes with a baffled, surprised gaze. He murmured self censuring jokes into the mouthpiece evoking laughs before unexpectedly changing into his hyperbolic moniker: The Tallest Man on Earth. His tunes talk about homicide, visionaries, nature and love with a voice that inspires unlimited correlations with Bob Dylan. He is an artist and vandal. The Tallest Man on Earth’s nearness takes up the whole stage with his mind blowing finger-picking guitar work tying down the consideration of anybody close enough to hear. On that Saturday night, Matsson was in top structure. He bursted through very much adored tunes, and slipped effectively into fresher material that pretty much every fan could as of now mouth the words to. There were sing-a-long jewels, for example, â€Å"I Won’t Be Found†, â€Å"King of Spain†, and â€Å"The Gardner†Ã¢â‚¬which upon closer perusing uncovers a dim message, and soul-extinguishing numbers, for example, â€Å"You’re Going Back† where a solitary irreverence slice through the air with a choked pain.He performed â€Å"Where Do My Bluebirds Fly?† the best that I’ve at any point heard it, yet the darn best second was when Matsson’s fiancee, Amanda Bergman (otherwise known as Jaw Lesson), went with him in front of an audience for a two part harmony of â€Å"Thrown Right at Me† where, for the length of the melody, Matsson’s consideration was totally centered around his lady. The night found some conclusion after a twofold melody reprise with a sentiment of collective worship all around. It was dismal to see The Tallest Man On Earth stroll off the stage knowing he’d need to circumvent the world before he could return to Austin, Texas for another show. Be that as it may, I’ll be pausing.

Satying in one place Free Essays

A few people spend their whole lives in a single spot. Others move various occasions for the duration of their lives, searching for a superior Job, house, network, or even atmosphere. Which do you like: remaining in one spot or moving looking for somewhere else? Use reasons and explicit guides to help your sentiment People are originating from fluctuating networks with various foundations. We will compose a custom paper test on Satying in one spot or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Some of them want to remain and live In one nation as long as they have a haven, an average hurl, and old buddies. Nonetheless, others may like to move around searching for a superior life and great living onditions. To the extent I concerned, I give more preferred position for the late sentiment for some First of all, individuals who embrace going in their life are bound to be reasons. effective and arrive at their definitive objectives. In other words, in the event that anybody imagined to be recognized, he/she ought to get wide data in his/her major. A science field is one model that is required a scholar to have an unmistakable vision and plenteous data about hormones, animals, fossils, etc In request to get an enormous achievement. Along these lines, moving starting with one spot then onto the next is an incredible path for im/her to have an immense foundation and being presented to various ideas and Another explanation Is that these individuals who know about moving points of view. what's more, changing their llvlng place procure certain, one of a kind qualities that varies them from others. Since these who tend to live In more than one nation are receptive, adaptable, versatile, and even cosmopolitan individuals. In my nation for instance which has probably the hardest guideline and innate customs is accepting an ever increasing number of outsiders who are keen on living here for some time. At the point when individuals got some information about their reasons, they may state to break the dreary daily schedule of their lives, possibly to be uncovered with various societies, or even to all the more likely off their money related methods. Truth be told, changing the living spot is a legitimacy to upgrade and create someone’s character. To summarize, † east or west home is best † is one approach to persuade ourselves to live In one spot whether it’s bravo or not. In opposite with aggressive individuals who have faith In pursuing their fortune at whatever point It goes. In my perspective, changing the habitation Is acceptable as long as we get the points of interest and advantages from each experience we have. The most effective method to refer to Satying in one spot, Papers

Students examine gender issues and migration in overseas collaboration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Students examine gender issues and migration in overseas collaboration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Students work with Professor Yasmine Ergas and counterparts in Milan to consider how migration law affects polygamous families Nearly a dozen SIPA students have been working this semester with Professor Yasmine Ergas, director of the specialization on Gender and Public Policy, to look into the gendered nature of migration experience and migration law. The students have been analyzing legal cases to understand what happens when polygamous families attempt to seek asylum in the United States or United Kingdom. Cases in which polygamous families attempt to resettle in the European Union or United States are relatively rare today, butâ€"in light of the massive shift in migration movements due to current conflict in the Middle Eastâ€"Ergas sees this issue coming to the forefront in the near future. Ergas is quick to point out that polygamous marriages are not a new concern in the United States, noting the significant case law around this issue. Says Nilay Tuncok MIA ’17, a student participating in the project, “Polygamy has been part of the U.S. legal system for centuries, through multiple Supreme Court decisions and exclusionary immigration laws of the 19th century.” Tuncok and other SIPA and Columbia students participating in the project are also collaborating with a cohort of students at the University of Milan who are conducting research in tandem. The collaboration allows students to share their research and understand the similarities of and differences between the United States and EU and to recognize the different frameworks and contexts that the different cohorts of students are coming from. Rose Elizabeth Cutts, a student in Columbia’s M.A. program in Human Rights student who is also participating in the project, said “The Milan group has been really interesting to talk with partly due to the differing experiences of polygamy in the U.S. and Italy.” The research is also appropriate because of the recent shift in cultural understandings of what makes a family unit. “This is a time where we are rethinking what we mean by family and marriage,” Ergas said. Tuncok said the project has helped her to understand how this changing understanding of family is reflected in the law: “I’ve learned to better analyze legal documents, such as looking at how the change in definition of ‘family’ in both U.S. and international law has affected the immigration status of women in polygamous marriages over the years.” The issue furthermore calls into question concerns about the disproportionate impact these immigration policies have on women. As Ergas pointed out, “Women are the ones that will experience the exclusion.” For example, if spouses are forced to choose one partner to be their legal wife in a new country that does not recognize polygamy, what happens to the other wives and their children? What happens to their rights to inheritance, social security, health care, child protection, and other resources?   While the premise of family reunification for asylum seeker and refugees is often to prioritize keeping families together, how does that priority shift when it comes to polygamous relations? “Laws have a gendered impact on women in polygamous marriages,” said Tuncok. “For instance, the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the U.S. required a person to have good moral character to self-petition for permanent resident status, but the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 considered those practicing polygamy as persons of immoral character, leaving these women at a disadvantage and unable to claim rights.” Tiff van Huysen, a participating student from Columbia’s M.A. program in Climate and Society, said “The migration process is much more complex than I imagined and that case law and statutory laws do not necessarily provide a clear means by which to reduce that complexity. For example, in the United States, our laws and court systems are really not designed to address issues that may arise in polygamous marriages and that legalizing polygamy would present significant challenges to our current legal system.” Ergas also noted that the abolition of the practice of polygamy itself is an important cornerstone in gender equality in the West; to simply legalize polygamy would not appear to be in line with Western normative standards around gender equality. She stressed that this issue has to be considered in the context of changing norms regarding family and private life more generally. “How do we address this in a way that is fair?,” she asked. “We have to understand the problem, understand how countries are trying to cope, and what is happening to the people involved.” â€" Kristen Grennan MPA ’16 [Pictured: Yasmine Ergas (standing) and students teleconference with collaborators in Milan.]

Gays in Professional Sports Essay - 1925 Words

Gays in Professional Sports (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Professor:Course: Date:GAYS IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTSOutlineThe issue of gay marriage and related artifacts has since been a major debate year in year out. People argue differently regarding the subject with some group basing their critique on homophobia and a series of other aspects that are tangible in the quest to either support or oppose the subject. These are two main distinct groups; who support it and the anti- gay marriage group. Thesis StatementThe essay will take an argumentative approach in support for, and against a decision to allow gays in professional sports. However, the outline above contain facts that will be analyzed in support for the essay subject followed by facts against the same in a sequential manner paragraph by paragraph; and finally a conclusion that will depict personal views on the issue.Gay RightsLately, a series of numerous discussions have been staged regarding the contempt of gay related issues globally (Alvarez 21). Since every mem ber of the community within the global context has distinct rights and freedom to choose the partner to marry, gay marriage should also be embraced in order to fully adhere to the perception and the rule of law on marriage just as churches are also able to defend their believers rights (Murphy 16). When an individual has a right, it should be a personal obligation on how to utilize the right. This implies that gay people should be identified with the global community in professional sports to get attention deliberately (Unks 09). Although Marriage is a religious ceremony quoted in the holy bible, not many do accept and adhere to the biblical perception of the bible as far as marriage is concerned (Fritscher 32). According to the bible, a woman was developed from a man. There is no verse that illustrate that a man should get married to a fellow man neither does it indicate the reverse for women as far as marriage is concerned. The same bible also describe that sin is sin, no excuse o f a small or big sin. Then the gay community should also be free to get involved in sports and professional events (Fritscher 17).Based on equal consideration as derived from the legal term that defines what a right is oblivious of the fact that no one is above the law inclusive of the lawmakers, interpreters and implementers respectively. Gay teams or sports personalities should be free to participate in any event inclusive of professional sports just as did their counterparts (Msw 06). When gay members participate in events without mentioning their social practices and relations, the global community fully desire to identify with them, but after declaration of their gay stature it becomes burdensome to get along with them due to fear of being noticed as a supporter of the gay rights (Fritscher 18). Rights are not privileges neither do the reverse take place hence every person should be allowed to professionally participate in the sports of their choice (Symons 20).Vulnerability In the global context, it is feared that when gay personalities are involved in professional sports, they would jeopardize the sports fraternity through their sexual orientation. Gay people are just like us; Given opportunity and time, it would be impractical to differentiate a gay person especially based on development of human beings; body organs, physic, and both social and mental capabilities (Alvarez 26). The gay community is not composed of crocodile- like reptiles mercilessly waiting their pray at the edge of lake, sea, or ocean. Not at all, they belong to us and need strategies to embrace mutual co-existence just the way the other members of the community do (Symons 24). The global community should embrace staying together to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings within the community. Sexual orientation should not be a barrier to development; gay people should be accepted in professional sports (Unks 22).BlackmailingWhen gays are detected in the professional sports, their opp onents and the media that are against homosexual orientation tend to blackmail them so that they may face harassment so that they get discouraged and to finally quit their professional career in sports. Although it is religiously unacceptable and holy bible scripture condemns homosexuality and clearly states that it should not be accepted (Fritscher 14). However, it is this does not mean that the sports professionals with the sexual orientation should not be accepted. Just like straight marriages, gays are fellow human beings. No one is blameless before God (Fritscher 21). Nonetheless, within myriad religious groups, it is important to note that not all religious groups refute the phrase; some churches support gay marriages but are reluctant in their quest to declare their support for gay sports personalities after they declare their sexual orientation (Unks 38). During the time of Noah, God ensured that all animals and human beings were salvaged in twos meaning that the both male a nd female were saved from the historic floods to enhance reproductive once the floods stopped to fill the earth once again (Kompes 16). This implies that God does not support same sex relationship/ marriage. But Christians believe that Jesus died for all, and he never came for the righteous meaning that homosexual groups should not be discriminated in all aspects of life inclusive of professional sport (Fritscher 14).Lack of support and acceptanceBefore declaration of sexual orientation gay professionals in the sports fraternity mingled with sport colleagues with ability to share emotional, social and financial support and acceptance (Kompes 21). However, on realizing the difference in sexual orientation, the colleagues do not exhibit support and acceptance of their colleagues with whom they previously shared with in terms of happiness and sorrow before, during and after participation in professional sports (Symons 28). Although same-sex couples cannot reproduce, just like barren wo men. It is impractical to practice anti-social behavior towards them. Men and women who do not have children are accepted within the community and allowed to adopt children when need be (Kompes 29). The aspect of reproduction is not a hindrance to sports; gay professionals should be allowed to fully participate in sports as a career (Unks 41). It is inhumane to ignore the plea for rights for example, blocking their participation in professional sports since they are like other human being. The name list of gay professional in sports is endless and based on facts but this does not mean that they should not declare their sexual orientation (Symons 25). However, the process of gay participation in sports is slow being integrated although straight sex orientation overpowers the gay sports persons at present globally. Love is unconditional; it is often vivid that love does not consider religion, race, age, and economic capability just to mention but a few (Fritscher 31). The same way pr ofessionalism does not depend on the same facts above hence professional sports should be free from discrimination based on sexual orientation (Msw 22). Homosexuality was, is and will be part of everyday life. The ancient times were not exceptional in regard to the same. It existed in the past, the way sports, education and churches were formed, are formed and will still be formed, why not homosexuality (Symons 25). Not even the Roman nor the ancient Greeks were unfamiliar with the subject. Were it that it was a case with the animals, there would be no discrimination since they would fully embrace it (Fritscher 31). The culture is slowly being adopted, with time the gay population will dominate the world of sports, but in case it happen, will the gay populace demand the omission of constitutional clauses that support participation of people with straight sexual orientation in sports. This should be a food for thought to the anti- gay participation in professional sport activists (Ms w 42).Persecute of their choice of lifestyleRegardless ...

Environmental Policies Turkey

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6198 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 4. Energy and Environmental outlook of Turkey Energy is accepted as a most important factor in economic development. On the other hand environmental impacts of industrial and economical development becomes more evident in recent years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Environmental Policies Turkey | Politics Dissertation" essay for you Create order In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the main characteristics of Turkeys general energy outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of Turkeys conventional energy resources and level of energy consumption (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) including electricity production and consumption. In the second part it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Finally, in the third part it examines therenewable energy sources and consumption (wind energy, Hydropower, Biomass, etc) which are used to replace the conventional energy resources to lower the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) and establish sustainable development within Turkey. 4.1 Conventional Energy sourcesand consumption of Turkey Large increase in energy demand is observed particularly for electricity and natural gas in Turkey. In 2002 %48 of total energy demand of Turkey is supplied by domestic production. Total energy demand will hit 308 one million tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy import will hit 226 Mtoe and domestic production will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). Turkeys five main energy sources are oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources. Also In 2006 Turkeys total electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from natural gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported coal (%6,3), from fuel oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey main energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas. And regarding Turkeys fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will continue import energy in the years ahead. It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita both increased 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).While the economy continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are produced from fossil fuels. 4.1.1 Oil Oil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkeys domestic crude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel according to Ministry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkeys data. Turkeys oil consumption has continued to increase and hit the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia isTurkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.(United States Energy Information Administration(EIA), 2009 https://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html). Table1 As demonstrated in Table 1, the gap between Turkeys oil production and consumption was getting larger between 1990 and 2004.Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of reducing the dependance on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new investment on oil research is very essential.Turkeys Petrols and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.2 Natural Gas According to diversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contribution in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkeys natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.At the present Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.3 Coal Turkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coalreserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.Coal is used primarly for power production, cement production and in steel industry.The Turkish government intends to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009). 4.1.4. Electricity Electricity is also major energy source for industry and home usage by itself.The energy sources that are used to generate electricity can be renewable or conventional (non-renewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is mostly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter. Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So remaining electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006) Turkey may cover the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit335 milliard kWh. None of the plans that are mentioned can cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009). 4.2 Environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development 2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) producedby the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009). On the other hand when we look at the CO2 emisions, Turkeys CO2 emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD average of 11.08 tons and also Turkeys share in world emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkeys contribution to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, coupled with increasing population cause a big pressure on Turkeys environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries according to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009) CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008). Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such trends will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over three times 2002 levels (International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005) Table 2 Turkeys energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). According to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid growth in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development. Table 3 Turkeys rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air pollution. The fast growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increasedSO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast due to high energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than 50% of total emissions. The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil poducts and fuelwood.Coal is used in thermal power plants to generate electricity is one of the major source of pollution. The industrial sector is also one of the main contributer. According to year 2000 figures, coal and lignite are resposible for 32% of electricity production and 33% of final energy consumption in industrial sector. (M. Ocak et al, 2004) In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is not as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004). 4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and Sustainable Development Sustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm). Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the developing countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.Among the problems of the developing countries; unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999) Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of pollutions, air pollution needs immediate concern.From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002). As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008). Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. According to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source after coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste; another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, wind and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002). 4.3.1 Hydropower Turkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009) The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro plants in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkeys total lan area. After it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments cost US$ 30.Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009). 4.3.2 Solar Energy Because of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its average annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42N latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 1820 C on the south coast, falls down to 1416C on the west coast, and fluctuates 418C in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009). The installed solar collecter areawas recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy have high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009). 4.3.3 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.(Nalan et al, 2009) 4.3.4 Geothermal Amongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases. Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49C. Canakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage. There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009) 4.3.5 Biomass Biomass is a renewable energy source in which biological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum (Wikipedia, 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass) The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on climate conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al; 2009) At present Turkeys major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkeys total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009) 5. Kyoto Protocol and Beyond: Position of Turkey The threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the Annex-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and financial assistance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008) After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto Protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.The agreement which is bound by the law of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission trading. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999). 5.1. Turkeys Position Turkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free market in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Annexes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not ratify the UNFCCC. For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the countrys per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey requested the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007). Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009) Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocols commitment period (2008-2012). 5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol: Copenhagen After the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countriesagreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force before January 2013.The main issues are long-term targets for cutting emissions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, https://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706) Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibility for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development. The other importan problem is the level of each partys contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figuresby the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall goal as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, https://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601) Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissionsuntill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008). 6. European Union Environmental Acquis There was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the quality of free competition (Atilgan, 2007). Environment Acquis is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental Impact Assessment), and the entry of Framework Directives (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area. Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 1993, EU constituted Copenhagen Criteria inculiding acquis communautaire in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in progress reports according to acquis communautaire including environment. The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,environmental impact assessment (EIA); accession to environmental information; reporting; the European Environment Agency; the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy; and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,waste material management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005) In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national governments strategies, activating the Cardiff Process. The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions. The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the heavy investment directives under the Environment Acquisthe Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution control technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 1990; and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008) 7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European Union As for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to undertake a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009). According to The 2008 Turkeys Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkeys missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to realise 2530% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008) Regarding air quality, Turkey made good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity strategy and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). Turkey has achieved a limited progress relating to chemicals where the total adoption and implementation remains low. There is no development on genetically modified organisms. Turkey nearly reached full alignment with the acquis regarding noise, butnoise maps and action stragey is still at an early phase (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is a lack of administrative capacity in order to establish national environmental agency. Adopting of environmental protection into other policy areas and assuring that new investments comply with the environmental acquis are at an early phase. Some of the old legislations like the Mining Law and the tourism legislation, are bring huge damage to natural areas (Van Ooik et al, 2009). 8. Cost of Environmental and Energy Policies Turkey ratified the Kyoto Protocol, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009). Also the burden that the Copenhagen deal will bring, is not certified yet as the parties are still negotiating the limits on GHG emissions and how these limits allocate between eveloped countries and developing countries. Although Turkey is not yet bound with the Kyoto Protocol, EU harmonisation process has become the major driving force in national environmental reform. Strong national and economic and development planing, adoption of environmental attentionshas been achieved in many sectors in order to promote sustainable development. A number of actions have been undertaken by the goverment in the post 2000 period. 8.1 Taxes Taxes that relates with environment corresponds 15,2% of total tax reveneu and 4,8% of GDP in 2004. These shares had increased from 7,2% of total tax reveneu and 1,6% of GDP in 1995. According to OECD 2007 data, the share of fuel and motor vehicle taxes which relate environmentally friendly tax reveneu is very high (%95) (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). 8.2 Subsidies Financial supports which are provided by the goverment can have impact on the environment. Some subdiea can be environmentally harmful while they deform prices and resorce alignment decisions. In Turkey the body of agricultural subsidies has moved towards more environmentally friendly agriculture. The share of input payments are cut down from 30% in 1986-1988 to less than 2% in 2003-2005. On the other hand, relating to energy subsidies, hard coal remains subsidied. Current hard coal prices do not permit state owned coal producers to recover costs so they recieve subsidies to cover the cost of labor (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). 8.3 Environmental spending Pollution abatement and control (PAC) spending was forcasted at 1,2% of GDP in 2006. It is an increase from 1,1% in 1997.In 2005, supporting of public environmental investment came from four major sorces: local authorities (68%), the goverment (19,5%) and external sources (e.g. EU, World Bank) (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). In the future it is forecasted that implementaition of EU environmental regulations will need total sppending of EUR 58 billion between 2007 and 2023. Implementation of EU water directives will need investments accounting for 60% of total. The central goverment is expected to afford 13% of total funding, local administrations 37%, the private sector 26% and public ventures 2%. External finance is forecasted to contribute 22% of total expenditure (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008) 8.4 Renewable Energy As this study stated, Turkey is mainly an energy importing country because of the scarce domestic fossil energy resources. Currently, much of the attention is targeted on the energy resorces and pipelines in Turkey. The total investment required in the energy sector between 2002 and 2015 will be approximately US$ 65 billion and 82% of this investment is for planning investments. So Turkey has to establish long term energy strategies to decrease the fossil fuel share and increase the renewables share for the main energy consumption. Turkey has huge capacity for energy efficiency developments. Using this capacity could lower the environmental emissions and increase security of supply. The capacity for renewables is also considerable (Kaygusuz, 2002) 5471 word count The main obstacle to use renewable energy is that all those kind of sources have low energy intensity per unit area. The other four main obstacles are economic obstacles,cost of technologies, financing issues and scientific and technical obstacles. Economic obstacles are accepted as the main barier to introduce renewable energy technologies. These factors include the cost of renewable technologies and their level ofelectricity they produce; difficulties in acquiring financing for renewable technologies, the failure to add externalities in the cost of generating electricity; and the money and interests already invest in existing infrastructure and technology. Also capital requirements to install renewable energy is very high because of the high per unit of capacity installed. This could be lower the acces to funding. These type of barriers keep renewable energy out of profitable use and producer tend to use fossil energy sources which are more easy to use and more profitable then the renewable energy sources (Nalan et al, 2009) 8.4.1 Hydropower The major disavantage of hydropower is the primary capital cost. Small-scale hydro dams could cause social and environmental problems. In addition, they could lower power shortage fragility during dry seasons experienced in large hydro plants. Hydropower releases no CO2 directly, but is less dependable than fuel plants due to dry seasons (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.2 Solar Energy Currently solar water heaters cost less comparing to past years. Domestic water heating by electricity has a share of 20-30% of the annual electricity consumption. Because of the daylight times, electiricty storage or back up is needed, so cost is increasing and additional environmental problems could occur. Additional to that there are obstacles to usephotovoltaic systems (PV). Higher cost of power generation is main obstacle comparing to conventional means of producing energy. Also insufficient financing, maket obstacles regarding the lack of large scale productmanufacturing and distribution, lack of support infrastructures, import tariffs and institutional barriers are the other obstacles that encourage to use of conventional means of energy generation (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.3Wind Energy A wind turbine with a potential a t least 500 KW, in ideal location, can generate 1.3 million KWh year . A 500-kW capacity turbine is need13,700 ha of land. In order to produce this level of electiricty , primary investment needed is about US$ 500,000, and annual operating cost of US$ 40,500. There is no legislation relating to wind turbines in Turkey. The Turkish industry has also a limited capacity to produce turbines. The scale and cost of a wind farm will demand private investment with an attractive rate of return (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.4 Geothermal energy Geothermal energy needs high cost of capital invesment. Also it can cause serious enviromental difficulties likewater shortages, air pollution, and waste effluent disposal, but the environmental effects of geothermal energy seem to be limited relative to those of fossil fuel systems (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.5 Biomass The major technology to produce heat and electricity is combustion. Turkey has leading technology players in this area and market risk is low. Central state supports potentially more environmental friendly systems like gasification and pyrolysis. The biomass fuel has relatively low CO2 emissions, it is almost near zero. But it is hard to collect large amount of biomass wastes due to their disperse nature. Transportation of biomass is also difficult and costly. The costs of biomass wastes is volatile due to productions and economic condition (Nalan et al, 2009). Turkeys energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas (Okay et al, 2008). In 1996, a study of the MENR evaluated that the capacity for energy conservation in industry at 4.2 Mtoe (approximately 25% of industrial energy consumtion for that year) and an average cash value of $1 billion/year. The total investment needed to realise this conservation capacity would be near to $2.4 billion. The payback phase for these investments would differ from a minimum of one year to a maximum of three years (Ocak et al, 2004) Also 70% of energy is used for heating in the residential/commercial sector. Energy use can be lowered by half with the application new heat insulation standard. Addition to that, study carried out by the World Banks ESMAP program, main efficiency developments can be possible in power generation by enhancing power plant size from the existing average of 150340 MW (coal fired units), by demanding higher efficiency specifications for new plants and by increasing the use of cogeneration (Ocak et al, 2004).

Working Poor The Work Poor Essay - 1277 Words

Working Poor The Working Poor: Invisible in America is a story that takes personal stories and accounts of people lives to describe the injustices that people face every day. Poverty is damaging to both the economy and the people who face it. Many times social policies are created to assist the people who are working but still struggle to get basic needs like food, utilities, gas, and medical. Poverty is a perpetuating cycle that is intended to keep the poor oppressed and discriminated against. Respectfully, this critique will address the social problems that are identified in the book, the major social welfare policy issues, the social values and beliefs that are critical and the implications for future social welfare policy and social work practice. Social Problems The Working Poor: Invisible in America gives an accurate depiction of the social problems and social policies that are designed to keep the poor, poorer. Shipler uses a variety of stories to depict social welfare programs like the minimum wage act, immigration, Social Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability (SSD), healthcare act, Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), drug addiction, sexual abuse, Individual Education Plans (IEP), and the gender pay gap along with many others. The overarching theme throughout the book was that the working poor never make enough money to cover their expenses and the wage never goes up enough over the span of their lifetime. One story depicted a story about a girlShow MoreRelatedWorking Poor : The Work Poor1051 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth McCumber April 24, 2015 Working poor paper Throughout both in-class discussions, and David Shipler’s â€Å"The Working Poor: Invisible in America† we learned being poor in America is anything but easy. Even with all of our government assistance programs such as Medicaid and Welfare, many family generation after generation seem to fall below the poverty line and create a life of struggle and long way out for their families. When Shipler is explaining different families and their lac of selfRead MoreEhrenreich s Nickel And Dimed, By Barbara Ehrenreich1284 Words   |  6 Pagesthe working poor should be categorized as a â€Å"state of emergency,† and while that may first appear as extreme title, it would certainly promote action in our society. This â€Å"call to action† is one of the main motivations behind Ehrenreich’s writing of this novel. If viewing the working poor as a state of emergency promotes society to take action, then so be it. It is clear from Ehrenreich’s novel that th e life of the working poor is not a sustainable lifestyle. Whether it s continuing to work afterRead MoreDavid K. Shipler s Work1696 Words   |  7 Pages David K. Shipler went on a journey trying to reveal the truth about Americas working poor. It was a little difficult trying to find different ways of getting enough information about the life of the poor, and getting them to feel comfortable explaining the stressful life that they lived in America the great. There were many different aspects and situations about people that were struggling to make it in America. David K. Shipler used many different research methods on this project, and wentRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Down And Out Of Paris And London Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagescontrast to modern society, the working poor nowadays have better condition than the situation that described in the book of Down and Out of Paris and London. During the Orwell’s period, he described the dehumanized working circumstances as a pl ongeurs. Although poverty in 20st century remains, the situations that the working poor face actually become much better compared with 1930’s Paris. That is, comparing to the old days, in contemporary society, the working poor get helps from government, andRead MoreHow Americans Are Not Getting What They Came For America?1015 Words   |  5 Pagesoptions for the poor have been taken away, and their ability to become successful has been stripped away by cooperations. This topic has been examined by articles such as Crumbling American Dreams, The Pernicious Economic Trap of Low Wages, and the book Nickel and Dimed. These cover the topics of how Americans are not getting what they came for in America. Because the American Dream in no longer attainable to everyone due to the low wages given, and the lack of choice given to the working poor, employersRead MorePhilips Improvement to Job Analysis and Design1531 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis and design has attracted more attention of organizations, since poor job analysis and design result in poor job performances of employees and organizational performances. This essay is based on Philips’ changes in its workplace design in a factory. In the past, the factor’s old operation line had generated poor employee and organizational performance such as low morale of employees, high rate of turnover, and poor quality control. While redesign its operation line, Philips has gained a highRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage Is The Issue Of Social Equality1398 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the poor working class. Today media focuses on the rich and upper middle class. For instance, they focus one Donald Trump, who is running for president. Instead of the issue of raising the minimum wage for fast food workers. The issue of raising the minimum wage is the issue of social equality. This shows the importance of how social equality is a major issue for people. Social equality has caused an inequality between the p oor and rich, which has limited the opportunities for the poor workingRead MoreWho are the Working Poor1280 Words   |  6 Pagesin our book, researching online, and grabbing a personal text, I was highly intrigued with the components that make up â€Å"the working poor,† it’s actual definition, and so much more. Before getting into the statistics, a simple definition of â€Å"the working poor† is that it is a group of people who spend about twenty-seven weeks or more in a year either working or looking for work, but their incomes fall below the level of poverty (USDAVIS, 2013). With this definition, it is understandable as well asRead MoreNickel and Dimed Essays1636 Words   |  7 Pagestranscends the gap that exists between rich and poor and relays a powerful accounting of the dark corners that lie somewhere beyond the popular portrayal of American prosperity. Throughout this book the reader will be intimately introduced to the world of the â€Å"working poor†, a place unfamiliar to the vast majority of affluent and middle-class Americans. What makes this world particularly real is the fact that we have all come across the hard-working hotel maid, store associate, or restaurant waitressRead MoreEssay about The Working Poor1510 Words   |  7 Pagesday to day basis. The s aying the rich get’s richer and poor gets poorer has never been so evident in today’s society. Let’s begin by explaining what poor is? According to (Encarta English Dictionary 2006) poor is explained as someone â€Å"lacking money, material possessions, unemployed and insecure†. Poor is also divided into two distinctive groups, the deserving and the undeserving poor (Levine Rizvi, 2005, p.38). â€Å"The deserving poor are poor through no fault of their own but as a result of a disability

Enterprise IT Architecture Essay - 573 Words

Zachman was one of the pioneers of enterprise IT architecture. His article, Business Systems Planning and Business Information Control Study: A comparison†, was an early effort to suggest that businesses should think more carefully about how they integrated systems and data. He used the analogy of architecture, since, as Hurley and Tompkins summarise, â€Å"each stage in the building of a house requires different levels of detail. At each stage, decisions need to be made about what materials compromise the product, how it will work, where the components are located, who is involved, when tasks need to be completed, and why they are important† (Hurley and Tompkins, 1999:76). This was developed in the early 1990’s by authors like Wiley, who†¦show more content†¦Information technology strategy theorists have also commented on this disparity between plan and information, such as Gottschalk (Gottschalk 1999a). In fact, Gottschalk attempted to address this issu e with his ‘strategy implementation matrix’, which tried to resolve the disparity by appeal to enterprise resource planning (Gottschalk 1999b). M. J. Earl wrote on information system strategy, and argued that there were five different models: business-led, method-driven, administrative, technological, and organisational (Earl 1990:181). He argued that organisational was the best, which is the system that treats strategic information system planning as being â€Å"based on IS [information systems] decisions being made through continuous integration between the IS function and the organization.† (Earl 1990:195) One interesting development of this that links Earl’s work with later IT Architecture theory is the work by Kanungo, Sadavarti and Srinivas, which, via a case study of the Indian public sector, draws connections between strategy implementation and organisational culture (Kanungo, Sadavarti and Srinivas, 2001). What can be concluded from this literature is that the term ‘Enterprise IT Architecture’ has evolved to mean something quite distinct from other concepts. This is confirmed by discussions had with IT professionals, who understand it to refer to the synthesis of all the organisation’s assets, which includes (but is notShow MoreRelatedEnterprise Architecture : Business Architecture1206 Words   |  5 PagesEnterprise Architecture IA-3 2. Here are a few enterprise architecture risks provided by Regine Deleu, †¢ Stakeholders have no understanding of enterprise architecture, and therefore will not support it. This happens when the stakeholders don’t participate in the enterprise architecture program. Another reason can be that the enterprise architecture artifacts are not used in projects, and as a result management questions its value. 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This architecture is the key part of managing and evolving IT systems, and therefore the business operations, of an organization. It consists of the architectures of individual systems and their relationships in the perspective of an organization. The Air Force has a limited idea of what enterprise architecture is,Read MoreStructure And Behaviour Of An Enterprise Architecture759 Words   |  4 PagesEnterprise Architecture There are a number of definitions that exist of Enterprise Architecture. An enterprise is a collaborative collection of sub-organizations with a shared objective. Architecture is a description of the structure and behaviour of a system. Therefore enterprise architecture is a documentation describing the structure and behaviour of an enterprise including its information systems. There is need for flexibility and resilience in Enterprise Architecture. 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The shift includes emerging technologies that require emerging cloud computing, video and technologies. Networking departments face a challenge with organization and resulting in performance issues, requiring extensive network re-design. Managed

Theories on Human Learning and Cognitive Development in...

Learning is the keystone to American society. It has brought society trough times of economic darkness, religious revival and social instability. Learning has always been debated in the context of when does the learning start in human development, Is learning the result of nature taking its course as was argued by rationalist like Plato and Rene Descartes. According to (BeeBoyd, 2007) Rationalist view point on education is entrenched in the idea that ( â€Å"knowledge is inborn†). On the other end of the spectrum you have Empiricists like John Locke who believed that learning was something someone would have to teach a child, he believed a child had no previous inclinations about anything and, that child could only learn by being taught by a†¦show more content†¦After looking at figure 1.2 by which shows the Patterson model (Source: Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., and Ramsey, E., 1989) this model shows the hypothetical model of a child who may grow up to be antiso cial which would affect their learning capability by not being able to observe and learn from the people and environment around them. Also the author believes that as a child progress in age he or she has a the ability to observe and take in more. For example children start to go to school when they get older by being around other children their behavior tends to become a less of a selfish type of attitude into attitude of wanting to be friends with other kids. Children as they get older see more than just their perspective this shifts their attitudes and enables them to learn from their perspective peers. In the cognitive-development aspect of learning the author believes the theory is correct. The author feels that the process of learning has steps and that cognitive-development shows how each step is an important part of the learning process. The author thinks that four stages of cognitive development are easily seen in most children from one’s own opinion. For example t he first stage talks about how a infant first experience of learning comes when the baby opens their eyes and hears for the first time and by doing this starts to form a opinion from what it see’s in itsShow MoreRelatedVygotskys Theory Of Cognitive Development1622 Words   |  7 Pages Learning Journal Entry 5 Theories of Cognitive Development (Vygotsky) Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky alleged that adults play a fundamental role in the development of children as they nurtured their learning in a premeditated way (McDevitt et al, 2013), rather than entrusting it to natural processes. Vygotsky also believed that language played a primary responsibility in a child’s development, while Piaget excluded this from his theory (McDevitt et al, 2013). The socialRead More Cognitive Theories of Human Development Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Theories of Human Development Jean Piaget, known as the most important theorist; started the most comprehensive theory of intellectual development. Piaget was born in 1896, in Neuchatel Switzerland, and lived a full and significant life, he passed away at age 84. His father was a medieval historian, and his mother was a homemaker; she was highly emotional and her behavior disrupted the normalcy of their home. Piaget married Valentine Chatenay, and they soon welcomed three girls;Read MoreEssay on Assignment 023 Understand Child and Young Person Development1701 Words   |  7 PagesChild and Young Person Development Task B Complete table, research and report B2 Produce a report to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of differing theories of development. 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Thirdly the main weaknessesRead MoreChild Developmental Theories Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesChild Developmental Theories When an infant arrives in the world they are helpless tiny humans who depend on adults for every need from love, to feeding them. It is amazing how these tiny babies grow into adults able to make decisions and become self-dependent. There are many theories about how children develop and what roles the environment plays, what people affect their lives and how events can shape their personalities. Some of these children have and easy life and some haveRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life1373 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelop in a healthy way. Children are born with an innate curiosity to explore the world around them to acquire knowledge. They possess an interest in learning. Hence fostering the innate curiosity is critical during this stage that ensures their future success. Motivation is seen as a drive or curiosity to learn. Motivation directs behavior to accomplish tasks. It also helps with persistence and improved performance. One of the most common problems we come across handling children is that they lack motivationRead MorePiaget And Vygotsky Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of cognitive development and, highlight both Piaget and Vygotsky’s theory as it relates to cognitive development, and the significant differences between them. The term cognitive development refers to the process of growth and change in intellectual, mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning and understanding. It comprises of the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge. Infants draw on social-emotional, language, motor, and perceptual experience and abilities for cognitive developmentRead MoreExplain Different Concepts1726 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Theorist of development: A. Cognitive (Piaget) Cognitive theories of development look at how thought processes and mental operations influence growth and change. Cognitive theory is looking at the development of a person s thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. One theorist and cognitive thinker was Jean Piaget, who gave an idea about how we think about child development. This is that children think differently thanRead MoreHuman Development1668 Words   |  7 PagesHSV 504: Human Development-Early Memory Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction Many human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in children’s cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood memories as they grow older. 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