Environmental Policies Turkey

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6198 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 4. Energy and Environmental outlook of Turkey Energy is accepted as a most important factor in economic development. On the other hand environmental impacts of industrial and economical development becomes more evident in recent years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Environmental Policies Turkey | Politics Dissertation" essay for you Create order In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the main characteristics of Turkeys general energy outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of Turkeys conventional energy resources and level of energy consumption (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) including electricity production and consumption. In the second part it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Finally, in the third part it examines therenewable energy sources and consumption (wind energy, Hydropower, Biomass, etc) which are used to replace the conventional energy resources to lower the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) and establish sustainable development within Turkey. 4.1 Conventional Energy sourcesand consumption of Turkey Large increase in energy demand is observed particularly for electricity and natural gas in Turkey. In 2002 %48 of total energy demand of Turkey is supplied by domestic production. Total energy demand will hit 308 one million tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy import will hit 226 Mtoe and domestic production will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). Turkeys five main energy sources are oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources. Also In 2006 Turkeys total electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from natural gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported coal (%6,3), from fuel oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey main energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas. And regarding Turkeys fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will continue import energy in the years ahead. It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita both increased 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).While the economy continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are produced from fossil fuels. 4.1.1 Oil Oil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkeys domestic crude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel according to Ministry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkeys data. Turkeys oil consumption has continued to increase and hit the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia isTurkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.(United States Energy Information Administration(EIA), 2009 https://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html). Table1 As demonstrated in Table 1, the gap between Turkeys oil production and consumption was getting larger between 1990 and 2004.Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of reducing the dependance on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new investment on oil research is very essential.Turkeys Petrols and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.2 Natural Gas According to diversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contribution in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkeys natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.At the present Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.3 Coal Turkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coalreserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.Coal is used primarly for power production, cement production and in steel industry.The Turkish government intends to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009). 4.1.4. Electricity Electricity is also major energy source for industry and home usage by itself.The energy sources that are used to generate electricity can be renewable or conventional (non-renewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is mostly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter. Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So remaining electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006) Turkey may cover the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit335 milliard kWh. None of the plans that are mentioned can cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009). 4.2 Environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development 2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) producedby the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009). On the other hand when we look at the CO2 emisions, Turkeys CO2 emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD average of 11.08 tons and also Turkeys share in world emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkeys contribution to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, coupled with increasing population cause a big pressure on Turkeys environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries according to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009) CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008). Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such trends will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over three times 2002 levels (International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005) Table 2 Turkeys energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). According to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid growth in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development. Table 3 Turkeys rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air pollution. The fast growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increasedSO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast due to high energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than 50% of total emissions. The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil poducts and fuelwood.Coal is used in thermal power plants to generate electricity is one of the major source of pollution. The industrial sector is also one of the main contributer. According to year 2000 figures, coal and lignite are resposible for 32% of electricity production and 33% of final energy consumption in industrial sector. (M. Ocak et al, 2004) In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is not as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004). 4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and Sustainable Development Sustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm). Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the developing countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.Among the problems of the developing countries; unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999) Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of pollutions, air pollution needs immediate concern.From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002). As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008). Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. According to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source after coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste; another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, wind and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002). 4.3.1 Hydropower Turkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009) The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro plants in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkeys total lan area. After it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments cost US$ 30.Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009). 4.3.2 Solar Energy Because of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its average annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42N latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 1820 C on the south coast, falls down to 1416C on the west coast, and fluctuates 418C in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009). The installed solar collecter areawas recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy have high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009). 4.3.3 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.(Nalan et al, 2009) 4.3.4 Geothermal Amongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases. Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49C. Canakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage. There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009) 4.3.5 Biomass Biomass is a renewable energy source in which biological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum (Wikipedia, 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass) The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on climate conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al; 2009) At present Turkeys major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkeys total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009) 5. Kyoto Protocol and Beyond: Position of Turkey The threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the Annex-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and financial assistance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008) After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto Protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.The agreement which is bound by the law of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission trading. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999). 5.1. Turkeys Position Turkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free market in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Annexes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not ratify the UNFCCC. For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the countrys per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey requested the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007). Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009) Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocols commitment period (2008-2012). 5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol: Copenhagen After the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countriesagreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force before January 2013.The main issues are long-term targets for cutting emissions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, https://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706) Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibility for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development. The other importan problem is the level of each partys contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figuresby the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall goal as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, https://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601) Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissionsuntill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008). 6. European Union Environmental Acquis There was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the quality of free competition (Atilgan, 2007). Environment Acquis is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental Impact Assessment), and the entry of Framework Directives (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area. Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 1993, EU constituted Copenhagen Criteria inculiding acquis communautaire in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in progress reports according to acquis communautaire including environment. The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,environmental impact assessment (EIA); accession to environmental information; reporting; the European Environment Agency; the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy; and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,waste material management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005) In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national governments strategies, activating the Cardiff Process. The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions. The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the heavy investment directives under the Environment Acquisthe Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution control technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 1990; and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008) 7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European Union As for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to undertake a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009). According to The 2008 Turkeys Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkeys missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to realise 2530% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008) Regarding air quality, Turkey made good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity strategy and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). Turkey has achieved a limited progress relating to chemicals where the total adoption and implementation remains low. There is no development on genetically modified organisms. Turkey nearly reached full alignment with the acquis regarding noise, butnoise maps and action stragey is still at an early phase (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is a lack of administrative capacity in order to establish national environmental agency. Adopting of environmental protection into other policy areas and assuring that new investments comply with the environmental acquis are at an early phase. Some of the old legislations like the Mining Law and the tourism legislation, are bring huge damage to natural areas (Van Ooik et al, 2009). 8. Cost of Environmental and Energy Policies Turkey ratified the Kyoto Protocol, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009). Also the burden that the Copenhagen deal will bring, is not certified yet as the parties are still negotiating the limits on GHG emissions and how these limits allocate between eveloped countries and developing countries. Although Turkey is not yet bound with the Kyoto Protocol, EU harmonisation process has become the major driving force in national environmental reform. Strong national and economic and development planing, adoption of environmental attentionshas been achieved in many sectors in order to promote sustainable development. A number of actions have been undertaken by the goverment in the post 2000 period. 8.1 Taxes Taxes that relates with environment corresponds 15,2% of total tax reveneu and 4,8% of GDP in 2004. These shares had increased from 7,2% of total tax reveneu and 1,6% of GDP in 1995. According to OECD 2007 data, the share of fuel and motor vehicle taxes which relate environmentally friendly tax reveneu is very high (%95) (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). 8.2 Subsidies Financial supports which are provided by the goverment can have impact on the environment. Some subdiea can be environmentally harmful while they deform prices and resorce alignment decisions. In Turkey the body of agricultural subsidies has moved towards more environmentally friendly agriculture. The share of input payments are cut down from 30% in 1986-1988 to less than 2% in 2003-2005. On the other hand, relating to energy subsidies, hard coal remains subsidied. Current hard coal prices do not permit state owned coal producers to recover costs so they recieve subsidies to cover the cost of labor (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). 8.3 Environmental spending Pollution abatement and control (PAC) spending was forcasted at 1,2% of GDP in 2006. It is an increase from 1,1% in 1997.In 2005, supporting of public environmental investment came from four major sorces: local authorities (68%), the goverment (19,5%) and external sources (e.g. EU, World Bank) (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). In the future it is forecasted that implementaition of EU environmental regulations will need total sppending of EUR 58 billion between 2007 and 2023. Implementation of EU water directives will need investments accounting for 60% of total. The central goverment is expected to afford 13% of total funding, local administrations 37%, the private sector 26% and public ventures 2%. External finance is forecasted to contribute 22% of total expenditure (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008) 8.4 Renewable Energy As this study stated, Turkey is mainly an energy importing country because of the scarce domestic fossil energy resources. Currently, much of the attention is targeted on the energy resorces and pipelines in Turkey. The total investment required in the energy sector between 2002 and 2015 will be approximately US$ 65 billion and 82% of this investment is for planning investments. So Turkey has to establish long term energy strategies to decrease the fossil fuel share and increase the renewables share for the main energy consumption. Turkey has huge capacity for energy efficiency developments. Using this capacity could lower the environmental emissions and increase security of supply. The capacity for renewables is also considerable (Kaygusuz, 2002) 5471 word count The main obstacle to use renewable energy is that all those kind of sources have low energy intensity per unit area. The other four main obstacles are economic obstacles,cost of technologies, financing issues and scientific and technical obstacles. Economic obstacles are accepted as the main barier to introduce renewable energy technologies. These factors include the cost of renewable technologies and their level ofelectricity they produce; difficulties in acquiring financing for renewable technologies, the failure to add externalities in the cost of generating electricity; and the money and interests already invest in existing infrastructure and technology. Also capital requirements to install renewable energy is very high because of the high per unit of capacity installed. This could be lower the acces to funding. These type of barriers keep renewable energy out of profitable use and producer tend to use fossil energy sources which are more easy to use and more profitable then the renewable energy sources (Nalan et al, 2009) 8.4.1 Hydropower The major disavantage of hydropower is the primary capital cost. Small-scale hydro dams could cause social and environmental problems. In addition, they could lower power shortage fragility during dry seasons experienced in large hydro plants. Hydropower releases no CO2 directly, but is less dependable than fuel plants due to dry seasons (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.2 Solar Energy Currently solar water heaters cost less comparing to past years. Domestic water heating by electricity has a share of 20-30% of the annual electricity consumption. Because of the daylight times, electiricty storage or back up is needed, so cost is increasing and additional environmental problems could occur. Additional to that there are obstacles to usephotovoltaic systems (PV). Higher cost of power generation is main obstacle comparing to conventional means of producing energy. Also insufficient financing, maket obstacles regarding the lack of large scale productmanufacturing and distribution, lack of support infrastructures, import tariffs and institutional barriers are the other obstacles that encourage to use of conventional means of energy generation (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.3Wind Energy A wind turbine with a potential a t least 500 KW, in ideal location, can generate 1.3 million KWh year . A 500-kW capacity turbine is need13,700 ha of land. In order to produce this level of electiricty , primary investment needed is about US$ 500,000, and annual operating cost of US$ 40,500. There is no legislation relating to wind turbines in Turkey. The Turkish industry has also a limited capacity to produce turbines. The scale and cost of a wind farm will demand private investment with an attractive rate of return (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.4 Geothermal energy Geothermal energy needs high cost of capital invesment. Also it can cause serious enviromental difficulties likewater shortages, air pollution, and waste effluent disposal, but the environmental effects of geothermal energy seem to be limited relative to those of fossil fuel systems (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.5 Biomass The major technology to produce heat and electricity is combustion. Turkey has leading technology players in this area and market risk is low. Central state supports potentially more environmental friendly systems like gasification and pyrolysis. The biomass fuel has relatively low CO2 emissions, it is almost near zero. But it is hard to collect large amount of biomass wastes due to their disperse nature. Transportation of biomass is also difficult and costly. The costs of biomass wastes is volatile due to productions and economic condition (Nalan et al, 2009). Turkeys energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas (Okay et al, 2008). In 1996, a study of the MENR evaluated that the capacity for energy conservation in industry at 4.2 Mtoe (approximately 25% of industrial energy consumtion for that year) and an average cash value of $1 billion/year. The total investment needed to realise this conservation capacity would be near to $2.4 billion. The payback phase for these investments would differ from a minimum of one year to a maximum of three years (Ocak et al, 2004) Also 70% of energy is used for heating in the residential/commercial sector. Energy use can be lowered by half with the application new heat insulation standard. Addition to that, study carried out by the World Banks ESMAP program, main efficiency developments can be possible in power generation by enhancing power plant size from the existing average of 150340 MW (coal fired units), by demanding higher efficiency specifications for new plants and by increasing the use of cogeneration (Ocak et al, 2004).

Working Poor The Work Poor Essay - 1277 Words

Working Poor The Working Poor: Invisible in America is a story that takes personal stories and accounts of people lives to describe the injustices that people face every day. Poverty is damaging to both the economy and the people who face it. Many times social policies are created to assist the people who are working but still struggle to get basic needs like food, utilities, gas, and medical. Poverty is a perpetuating cycle that is intended to keep the poor oppressed and discriminated against. Respectfully, this critique will address the social problems that are identified in the book, the major social welfare policy issues, the social values and beliefs that are critical and the implications for future social welfare policy and social work practice. Social Problems The Working Poor: Invisible in America gives an accurate depiction of the social problems and social policies that are designed to keep the poor, poorer. Shipler uses a variety of stories to depict social welfare programs like the minimum wage act, immigration, Social Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability (SSD), healthcare act, Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), drug addiction, sexual abuse, Individual Education Plans (IEP), and the gender pay gap along with many others. The overarching theme throughout the book was that the working poor never make enough money to cover their expenses and the wage never goes up enough over the span of their lifetime. One story depicted a story about a girlShow MoreRelatedWorking Poor : The Work Poor1051 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth McCumber April 24, 2015 Working poor paper Throughout both in-class discussions, and David Shipler’s â€Å"The Working Poor: Invisible in America† we learned being poor in America is anything but easy. Even with all of our government assistance programs such as Medicaid and Welfare, many family generation after generation seem to fall below the poverty line and create a life of struggle and long way out for their families. When Shipler is explaining different families and their lac of selfRead MoreEhrenreich s Nickel And Dimed, By Barbara Ehrenreich1284 Words   |  6 Pagesthe working poor should be categorized as a â€Å"state of emergency,† and while that may first appear as extreme title, it would certainly promote action in our society. This â€Å"call to action† is one of the main motivations behind Ehrenreich’s writing of this novel. If viewing the working poor as a state of emergency promotes society to take action, then so be it. It is clear from Ehrenreich’s novel that th e life of the working poor is not a sustainable lifestyle. Whether it s continuing to work afterRead MoreDavid K. Shipler s Work1696 Words   |  7 Pages David K. Shipler went on a journey trying to reveal the truth about Americas working poor. It was a little difficult trying to find different ways of getting enough information about the life of the poor, and getting them to feel comfortable explaining the stressful life that they lived in America the great. There were many different aspects and situations about people that were struggling to make it in America. David K. Shipler used many different research methods on this project, and wentRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Down And Out Of Paris And London Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagescontrast to modern society, the working poor nowadays have better condition than the situation that described in the book of Down and Out of Paris and London. During the Orwell’s period, he described the dehumanized working circumstances as a pl ongeurs. Although poverty in 20st century remains, the situations that the working poor face actually become much better compared with 1930’s Paris. That is, comparing to the old days, in contemporary society, the working poor get helps from government, andRead MoreHow Americans Are Not Getting What They Came For America?1015 Words   |  5 Pagesoptions for the poor have been taken away, and their ability to become successful has been stripped away by cooperations. This topic has been examined by articles such as Crumbling American Dreams, The Pernicious Economic Trap of Low Wages, and the book Nickel and Dimed. These cover the topics of how Americans are not getting what they came for in America. Because the American Dream in no longer attainable to everyone due to the low wages given, and the lack of choice given to the working poor, employersRead MorePhilips Improvement to Job Analysis and Design1531 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis and design has attracted more attention of organizations, since poor job analysis and design result in poor job performances of employees and organizational performances. This essay is based on Philips’ changes in its workplace design in a factory. In the past, the factor’s old operation line had generated poor employee and organizational performance such as low morale of employees, high rate of turnover, and poor quality control. While redesign its operation line, Philips has gained a highRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage Is The Issue Of Social Equality1398 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the poor working class. Today media focuses on the rich and upper middle class. For instance, they focus one Donald Trump, who is running for president. Instead of the issue of raising the minimum wage for fast food workers. The issue of raising the minimum wage is the issue of social equality. This shows the importance of how social equality is a major issue for people. Social equality has caused an inequality between the p oor and rich, which has limited the opportunities for the poor workingRead MoreWho are the Working Poor1280 Words   |  6 Pagesin our book, researching online, and grabbing a personal text, I was highly intrigued with the components that make up â€Å"the working poor,† it’s actual definition, and so much more. Before getting into the statistics, a simple definition of â€Å"the working poor† is that it is a group of people who spend about twenty-seven weeks or more in a year either working or looking for work, but their incomes fall below the level of poverty (USDAVIS, 2013). With this definition, it is understandable as well asRead MoreNickel and Dimed Essays1636 Words   |  7 Pagestranscends the gap that exists between rich and poor and relays a powerful accounting of the dark corners that lie somewhere beyond the popular portrayal of American prosperity. Throughout this book the reader will be intimately introduced to the world of the â€Å"working poor†, a place unfamiliar to the vast majority of affluent and middle-class Americans. What makes this world particularly real is the fact that we have all come across the hard-working hotel maid, store associate, or restaurant waitressRead MoreEssay about The Working Poor1510 Words   |  7 Pagesday to day basis. The s aying the rich get’s richer and poor gets poorer has never been so evident in today’s society. Let’s begin by explaining what poor is? According to (Encarta English Dictionary 2006) poor is explained as someone â€Å"lacking money, material possessions, unemployed and insecure†. Poor is also divided into two distinctive groups, the deserving and the undeserving poor (Levine Rizvi, 2005, p.38). â€Å"The deserving poor are poor through no fault of their own but as a result of a disability

Enterprise IT Architecture Essay - 573 Words

Zachman was one of the pioneers of enterprise IT architecture. His article, Business Systems Planning and Business Information Control Study: A comparison†, was an early effort to suggest that businesses should think more carefully about how they integrated systems and data. He used the analogy of architecture, since, as Hurley and Tompkins summarise, â€Å"each stage in the building of a house requires different levels of detail. At each stage, decisions need to be made about what materials compromise the product, how it will work, where the components are located, who is involved, when tasks need to be completed, and why they are important† (Hurley and Tompkins, 1999:76). This was developed in the early 1990’s by authors like Wiley, who†¦show more content†¦Information technology strategy theorists have also commented on this disparity between plan and information, such as Gottschalk (Gottschalk 1999a). In fact, Gottschalk attempted to address this issu e with his ‘strategy implementation matrix’, which tried to resolve the disparity by appeal to enterprise resource planning (Gottschalk 1999b). M. J. Earl wrote on information system strategy, and argued that there were five different models: business-led, method-driven, administrative, technological, and organisational (Earl 1990:181). He argued that organisational was the best, which is the system that treats strategic information system planning as being â€Å"based on IS [information systems] decisions being made through continuous integration between the IS function and the organization.† (Earl 1990:195) One interesting development of this that links Earl’s work with later IT Architecture theory is the work by Kanungo, Sadavarti and Srinivas, which, via a case study of the Indian public sector, draws connections between strategy implementation and organisational culture (Kanungo, Sadavarti and Srinivas, 2001). What can be concluded from this literature is that the term ‘Enterprise IT Architecture’ has evolved to mean something quite distinct from other concepts. This is confirmed by discussions had with IT professionals, who understand it to refer to the synthesis of all the organisation’s assets, which includes (but is notShow MoreRelatedEnterprise Architecture : Business Architecture1206 Words   |  5 PagesEnterprise Architecture IA-3 2. Here are a few enterprise architecture risks provided by Regine Deleu, †¢ Stakeholders have no understanding of enterprise architecture, and therefore will not support it. This happens when the stakeholders don’t participate in the enterprise architecture program. Another reason can be that the enterprise architecture artifacts are not used in projects, and as a result management questions its value. A solution is to educate and communicate the value of enterprise architectureRead MoreThe Enterprise Architecture ( Ea ) Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesBody Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a process of describing the structure and behavior of an enterprise (including its information systems), then planning and governing changes to improve the integrity and flexibility of the enterprise. â€Å"Well Gartner defines EA is the process of translating business vision and strategy into effective enterprise change by creating, communicating and improving the key requirements, principles and models that describe the enterprise’s future state and enable its evolution†Read MoreEnterprise Architecture Proposal2278 Words   |  10 PagesBachelor in Information Technology Program U10a2 Enterprise Architecture Proposal for Ralph’s Ribs For IT3200, Section 05 Rolando Rueda-de-Leon Submitted 9/17/2010 Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Analysis of the existing foundation for execution 4 Organization Chart 5 Definition of the Operating Model for Ralph’s Ribs 5 Business Process Standardization 6 Recommended Process Standardization 6 Comparison of Operating ModelRead More Enterprise Architecture Essay713 Words   |  3 Pagesrecommendation of technologies, agencies risk building and deploying solutions that use proprietary technologies, are not aligned to the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) and isolate themselves from other initiatives and cross-agency business functions. To mitigate these risks, the FEAProgram Management Office (PMO) created a Component-Based Architecture that defines a set of recommendations that should be considered when selecting the tools, technologies, and industrystandards that will be usedRead MoreEnterprise Architecture ( Ea )1567 Words   |  7 PagesEnterprise architecture (EA) is â€Å"a well-defined practice for conducting enterprise analysis, design, planning and implementation, using a holistic approach at all times, for the successful development and execution of strategy. Enterprise architecture applies architecture principles and practices to guide organizations through the business, information, process, and technology changes necessary to execute their strategies. These practices utilize the various aspects of an enterprise to identifyRead MoreStructure And Operation Of A Enterprise Architecture2234 Words   |  9 PagesTOPIC A1 Enterprise Architecture EA is about designing, managing and planning an organization/firm’s IT assets, people, and processes so it can achieve business strategy/goals providing benefit to the business.An enterprise architecture (EA) is a conceptual blueprint that defines the structure and operation of an organization. The intent of enterprise architecture is to understand how an organization can most effectively achieve its current and future objectives. Importance of EA ïÆ'Ëœ Holistic ApproachRead MoreEnterprise Systems Architecture Of An Organization1523 Words   |  7 Pages Enterprise Systems Architecture Kerven Nelson Nova Southeastern University â€Æ' Enterprise system Architecture (ESA) is the overall IT system architecture of an organization. This architecture is the key part of managing and evolving IT systems, and therefore the business operations, of an organization. It consists of the architectures of individual systems and their relationships in the perspective of an organization. The Air Force has a limited idea of what enterprise architecture is,Read MoreStructure And Behaviour Of An Enterprise Architecture759 Words   |  4 PagesEnterprise Architecture There are a number of definitions that exist of Enterprise Architecture. An enterprise is a collaborative collection of sub-organizations with a shared objective. Architecture is a description of the structure and behaviour of a system. Therefore enterprise architecture is a documentation describing the structure and behaviour of an enterprise including its information systems. There is need for flexibility and resilience in Enterprise Architecture. A lot depends on what sortRead MoreEnterprise Architecture, Questions and Answer 1754 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor issues in the practice of Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architecture continues to grow and expand with the growth and widespread integration of enterprise systems. With this progress there are consistently new problems which arise regarding Enterprise Architecture and its applications. Three of the major current issues which are faced by majority of Enterprise Architects are that Architects have no control over organisational changes, Enterprise Architecture is enormously time consumingRead MoreApplication Of The Traditional Enterprise Architecture Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe traditional enterprise architecture, is currently using MPLS as a sole mean for connectivity with small internet traffic. Due to recent shifts in the marketplace the traditional architecture is challenging to satisfy todays enterprise environments. The shift includes emerging technologies that require emerging cloud computing, video and technologies. Networking departments face a challenge with organization and resulting in performance issues, requiring extensive network re-design. Managed

Theories on Human Learning and Cognitive Development in...

Learning is the keystone to American society. It has brought society trough times of economic darkness, religious revival and social instability. Learning has always been debated in the context of when does the learning start in human development, Is learning the result of nature taking its course as was argued by rationalist like Plato and Rene Descartes. According to (BeeBoyd, 2007) Rationalist view point on education is entrenched in the idea that ( â€Å"knowledge is inborn†). On the other end of the spectrum you have Empiricists like John Locke who believed that learning was something someone would have to teach a child, he believed a child had no previous inclinations about anything and, that child could only learn by being taught by a†¦show more content†¦After looking at figure 1.2 by which shows the Patterson model (Source: Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., and Ramsey, E., 1989) this model shows the hypothetical model of a child who may grow up to be antiso cial which would affect their learning capability by not being able to observe and learn from the people and environment around them. Also the author believes that as a child progress in age he or she has a the ability to observe and take in more. For example children start to go to school when they get older by being around other children their behavior tends to become a less of a selfish type of attitude into attitude of wanting to be friends with other kids. Children as they get older see more than just their perspective this shifts their attitudes and enables them to learn from their perspective peers. In the cognitive-development aspect of learning the author believes the theory is correct. The author feels that the process of learning has steps and that cognitive-development shows how each step is an important part of the learning process. The author thinks that four stages of cognitive development are easily seen in most children from one’s own opinion. For example t he first stage talks about how a infant first experience of learning comes when the baby opens their eyes and hears for the first time and by doing this starts to form a opinion from what it see’s in itsShow MoreRelatedVygotskys Theory Of Cognitive Development1622 Words   |  7 Pages Learning Journal Entry 5 Theories of Cognitive Development (Vygotsky) Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky alleged that adults play a fundamental role in the development of children as they nurtured their learning in a premeditated way (McDevitt et al, 2013), rather than entrusting it to natural processes. Vygotsky also believed that language played a primary responsibility in a child’s development, while Piaget excluded this from his theory (McDevitt et al, 2013). The socialRead More Cognitive Theories of Human Development Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Theories of Human Development Jean Piaget, known as the most important theorist; started the most comprehensive theory of intellectual development. Piaget was born in 1896, in Neuchatel Switzerland, and lived a full and significant life, he passed away at age 84. His father was a medieval historian, and his mother was a homemaker; she was highly emotional and her behavior disrupted the normalcy of their home. Piaget married Valentine Chatenay, and they soon welcomed three girls;Read MoreEssay on Assignment 023 Understand Child and Young Person Development1701 Words   |  7 PagesChild and Young Person Development Task B Complete table, research and report B2 Produce a report to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of differing theories of development. 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Thirdly the main weaknessesRead MoreChild Developmental Theories Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesChild Developmental Theories When an infant arrives in the world they are helpless tiny humans who depend on adults for every need from love, to feeding them. It is amazing how these tiny babies grow into adults able to make decisions and become self-dependent. There are many theories about how children develop and what roles the environment plays, what people affect their lives and how events can shape their personalities. Some of these children have and easy life and some haveRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life1373 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelop in a healthy way. Children are born with an innate curiosity to explore the world around them to acquire knowledge. They possess an interest in learning. Hence fostering the innate curiosity is critical during this stage that ensures their future success. Motivation is seen as a drive or curiosity to learn. Motivation directs behavior to accomplish tasks. It also helps with persistence and improved performance. One of the most common problems we come across handling children is that they lack motivationRead MorePiaget And Vygotsky Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of cognitive development and, highlight both Piaget and Vygotsky’s theory as it relates to cognitive development, and the significant differences between them. The term cognitive development refers to the process of growth and change in intellectual, mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning and understanding. It comprises of the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge. Infants draw on social-emotional, language, motor, and perceptual experience and abilities for cognitive developmentRead MoreExplain Different Concepts1726 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Theorist of development: A. Cognitive (Piaget) Cognitive theories of development look at how thought processes and mental operations influence growth and change. Cognitive theory is looking at the development of a person s thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. One theorist and cognitive thinker was Jean Piaget, who gave an idea about how we think about child development. This is that children think differently thanRead MoreHuman Development1668 Words   |  7 PagesHSV 504: Human Development-Early Memory Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction Many human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in children’s cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood memories as they grow older. He described the processes that could be involved in early memory loss (Crain, 2005). He wasRead MorePiaget Of A Child s Brain Development Theory1057 Words   |  5 Pagesare constantly learning about new theories and expanding the knowledge on those that we already know, about the physical and mental development of Children. Through past and present theorists, we are shown whole new aspects of how a child develops to make up the being that they become. Through Piaget’s ‘Congnitive development theory’ we are shown the stages of a child’s brain development with a strong focus on the ages newborn – 11 years onwards. Piaget’s main theory is that children are able to construct

Cfa Level1 Note †Ethics and Professional Standards Free Essays

string(27) " of the previous employer\." Ethical and Professional Standards 1. : Code of Ethics A. : State the four components of the Code of Ethics. We will write a custom essay sample on Cfa Level1 Note – Ethics and Professional Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Members of AIMR shall: 1. Act with integrity, competence, dignity, and in an ethical manner when dealing with the public, clients, prospects, employers, employees, and fellow members. 2. Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on members and their profession. 3. Strive to maintain and improve their competence and the competence of others in the profession. . Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment. to launch Standards of Practice 2-I. : Standards of Professional Conduct: I. Fundamental Responsibilities A. : Know the laws and rules. Standard: Maintain knowledge of and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including AIMR’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, government agency, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing the members’ professional activities. Compliance: Members can acquire and maintain knowledge about applicable laws, rules, and regulations by: †¢ Maintaining current files on applicable statutes, rules, and regulations. †¢ Keeping informed. †¢ Reviewing written compliance procedures on a regular basis. B. : Don’t break or help others break the law. Standard: Not knowingly participate or assist in any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations. Compliance: When members suspect a client or a colleague of planning or engaging in ongoing illegal activities, members should take the following actions: †¢ Consult counsel to determine if the conduct is, in fact, illegal. Disassociate from any illegal or unethical activity. When members have reasonable grounds to believe that a client’s or employee’s activities are illegal or unethical, the members should dissociate from these activities and urge their firm to attempt to persuade the perpetrator to cease such activity. 2-II. : Standards of Professional Conduct: II. Relationships with and Responsibilities to the Profession A. : Use of Professional Designation II(A. 1) AIMR members may reference their membership only in a dignified and judicious manner. The use of the reference may be accompanied by an accurate explanation of the requirements that have been met to obtain membership in these organizations. II(A. 2) Those who have earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst designation may use the marks â€Å"Chartered Financial Analyst† or â€Å"CFA† and are encouraged to do so, but only in a proper, dignified, and judicious manner. The use of the designation may be accompanied by an accurate explanation of the requirements that have been met to obtain the right to use the designation. II(A. ) Candidates in the CFA Program, as defined in the AIMR Bylaws, may reference their participation in the CFA Program, but the reference must clearly state that an individual is a candidate in the CFA Program and cannot imply that the candidate has achieved any type of partial designation. B. : Professional Misconduct II(B. 1) Members shall not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or mis representation or commit any act that reflects adversely on their honesty, trustworthiness, or professional competence. II(B. 2) Members and candidates shall not engage in any conduct or commit any act that compromises the integrity of the CFA designation or the integrity or validity of the examinations leading to the award of the right to use the CFA designation. Compliance: 1. Make clear that dishonest personal behavior reflects poorly on the profession. 2. Adopt a code of ethics to which every employee must subscribe. 3. Conduct background checks on potential employees to ensure that they are of good character and eligible to work in the investment industry. C. : Prohibition against Plagiarism Standard: Members shall not copy or use, in substantially the same form as the original, material prepared by another without acknowledging and identifying the name of the author, publisher, or source of such material. Members may use, without acknowledgment, factual information published by recognized financial and statistical reporting services or similar sources. ? ? Compliance: 1. Maintain copies of materials that were relied on in preparing the research report. 2. Attribute quotations (and projections, tables, statistics, models, and methodologies) used other than recognized financial and statistical reporting services. 3. Attribute paraphrases and summaries of material prepared by others. 2-III. : Standards of Professional Conduct: III. Relationships and Responsibilities to the Employer A. : Inform your Employer of the Code and Standards III(A. 1) Members shall inform their employer in writing, through their direct supervisor, that they are obligated to comply with the Code and Standards and are subject to disciplinary sanctions for violations thereof. III(A. 2) Members shall deliver a copy of the Code and Standards to their employer if the employer does not have a copy. Compliance: Members should notify their supervisor in writing of the Code and Standards and the member’s responsibility to follow them. The member should also suggest that the employers adopt the Code and Standards and disseminate it throughout the firm. If the employer has publicly acknowledged, in writing, that they have adopted AIMR’s Code and Standards as part of the firm’s policies then the member need not give the formal written notification as required by III(A). B. : Duty to Employer Standard: Members shall not undertake any independent practice that could result in compensation or other benefit in competition with their employer unless they obtain written consent from both their employer and the persons or entities for whom they undertake independent practice. ? ? Compliance: 1. Members who plan to engage in independent practice for compensation should provide written statements to their employer describing the types of services they will perform, the expected duration of the services, and the compensation they will receive. . Members should also disclose to their prospective clients the identity of their employer, the fact that they are performing independently of the employer, and what their employer would charge for similar services. 3. Members seeking new employment should not contact existing clients or potential clients prior to leaving their employer or take records/files to their new employer without the written permission of the pr evious employer. You read "Cfa Level1 Note – Ethics and Professional Standards" in category "Papers" C. Disclose Conflicts between you and your Employer III(C. 1): Members shall disclose to their employer all matters, including beneficial ownership of securities or other investments, that reasonably could be expected to interfere with their duty to their employer or ability to make unbiased and objective recommendations. III(C. 2): Members shall comply with any prohibitions on activities imposed by their employer if a conflict of interest exists. Compliance: Members should report to their employers any beneficial interest and any special relationships, like corporate directorships, that may reasonably be considered a conflict of interest with their responsibilities. Members should also discuss the situation with their firm’s compliance officer before taking any action that could lead to a conflict of interest. D. : Disclose Additional Compensation from Outside the Firm to your Employer Standard: Members shall disclose to their employer in writing all monetary ompensation or other benefits that they receive for their services that are in addition to compensation or benefits conferred by a member’s employer. Compliance: Members should make an immediate written report to their employer specifying any compensation or benefits they receive or propose to receive for services in addition to what their employer is to give them. This written report should state the terms of any oral or written agreement, the amount of co mpensation, and the duration of the agreement. E. : Responsibilities of Supervisors Standard: Members with supervisory responsibilities, authority, or the ability to influence the conduct of others shall exercise reasonable supervision over those subject to their supervision or authority to prevent any violation of applicable statutes, regulation, or provisions of the Code and Standards. In so doing, members are entitled to rely on reasonable procedures designed to detect and prevent such violations. ? ? Compliance: The supervisor and the compliance officer should: 1. Disseminate the compliance procedures. 2. Update the procedures as necessary. 3. Educate the staff and issue periodic reminders. . Incorporate a professional conduct evaluation into the employee’s performance review. 5. Review employee actions to ensure compliance and identify violators, initiating procedures once a violation has occurred. A supervisor should respond promptly to the violation by conducting a thorough investigation, and placing limitations on the wrongdoer until the investigation is complete. 2-IV. : Standards of Professional Conduct: IV. Relationships with and Responsibilities to Clients and Prospects A. : The Investment Process IV(A. 1) Reasonable Basis and Representations. Members shall: a. Exercise diligence and thoroughness in making investment recommendations or in taking investment actions. b. Have a reasonable and adequate basis, supported by appropriate research and investigation, for such recommendations or actions. c. Make reasonable and diligent efforts to avoid any material misrepresentation in any research report or investment recommendation. d. Maintain appropriate records to support the reasonableness of such recommendations or actions. Compliance: 1. Analyze the investment’s basic characteristics (records must show the characteristics of the investment and the basis for the recommendation). . Analyze the needs of the portfolio (includes the client’s needs, as well as the needs of the total portfolio). 3. Maintain files to support investment recommendations. [pic] IV(A. 2) Research Reports. Members shall: a. Use reasonable judgment regarding the inclusion or exclusion of relevant factors in research reports. b. Distinguish between facts and op inions in research reports. c. Indicate the basic characteristics of the investment involved when preparing for public distribution a research report that is not directly related to a specific portfolio or client. Compliance: Members should consider including the following information in research reports: 1. Expected annual rates of return, calculated on a total return basis. 2. Annual income expectations. 3. Current rate of return or yield. 4. The degree of uncertainty associated with the cash flows, and other risk factors. 5. The investment’s marketability or liquidity. [pic] IV(A. 3) Independence and Objectivity. Members shall use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in making investment recommendations or taking investment actions. Compliance: 1. Protect integrity of opinions. Reports should reflect the analyst’s unbiased opinion. 2. Disclose all corporate relationships (i. e. , directorships, underwriting arrangements or acting as a market maker). 3. Disclose personal holdings and beneficial ownerships. 4. Create a restricted list. 5. Restrict special cost arrangements. Members should pay for their commercial transportation and hotel charges. 6. Limit gifts (US$100 is the maximum acceptable value for a gift or gratuity). 7. Restrict investments (strict limits should be imposed on private placements). 8. Review procedures (supervise the personal investment activities of the employees). B. : Interactions with Clients and Prospects IV(B. 1) Fiduciary Duties: In relationships with clients, members shall use particular care in determining applicable fiduciary duty and shall comply with such duty as to those persons and interests to whom the duty is owed. Members must act for the benefit of their clients and place their clients’ interests before their own. Compliance: 1. Follow all applicable rules and laws. 2. Establish the investment objectives of the client. 3. Diversify. 4. Deal fairly with all clients with respect to investment actions. 5. Disclose all possible conflicts of interest. . Disclose compensation arrangements. 7. Preserve the confidentiality of client information. 8. Maintain loyalty to the plan beneficiaries. [pic] IV(B. 2) Portfolio Investment Recommendations and Actions: Members shall: a. Make a reasonable inquiry into a client’s financial situation, investment experience, and investment objectives prior to making any investment recommen dations and shall update this information as necessary, but no less frequently than annually, to allow the members to adjust their investment recommendations to reflect changed circumstances. b. Consider the appropriateness and suitability of investment recommendations or actions for each portfolio or client (including the needs and circumstances of the portfolio or client, the basic characteristics of the investment involved, and the basic characteristics of the total portfolio). c. Distinguish between facts and opinions in presenting recommendations. d. Disclose to clients and prospects the basic format and general principles of the investment processes by which securities are selected and portfolios are constructed and shall promptly disclose to clients and prospects any changes that might significantly affect those processes. Compliance: Know basic nature of your client; know objectives and constraints. [pic] IV(B. 3) Fair Dealing: Members shall deal fairly and objectively with all clients and prospects when disseminating investment recommendations, disseminating material changes in prior investment recommendations, and taking investment action. Compliance: 1. Limit the number of people privy to recommendations and changes. 2. Shorten the time frame between initiation and dissemination. 3. Publish personnel guidelines for pre-dissemination. 4. Simultaneous dissemination. 5. Establish rules about employee trading activities. . Establish procedures for determining material changes. 7. Maintain a list of clients and their holdings. 8. Develop trade allocation procedures. 9. Make sure one account is not being used to bail out other accounts. 10. If the firm offers differing levels of service, this fact should be disclosed to all clients. [pic] IV(B. 4) Priority of Transactions: Clients and employers shall hav e priority over transactions in securities or other investments of which a member is the beneficial owner so that such personal transactions do not operate adversely to their clients’ or employer’s interests. If members make a recommendation regarding the purchase or sale of a security or other investment, they shall give their clients and employer adequate opportunity to act on the recommendation before acting on their own behalf. Compliance: 1. Define personal transactions. 2. Define covered investments. 3. Limit the number of access persons. â€Å"Fire Walls† should be built to prevent the flow of information from one group or department to other groups within the firm. 4. Define prohibited transactions. The text specifically mentions equity based IPOs. . Establish reporting procedures and prior-clearance requirements. 6. Ensure that procedures will be enforced and establish disciplinary procedures. [pic] IV(B. 5) Preservation of Confidentiality: Members shall preserve the confidentiality of information communicated by clients, prospects, or employers concerning matters within the scope of the client-member, prospect-member, or employer-member relationship unless the member rece ives information concerning illegal activities on the part of the client, prospect, or employer. Compliance: The simplest and most effective way to comply is to avoid discussing any information received from a client except to colleagues working on the same project. [pic] IV(B. 6) Prohibition against Misrepresentation: Members shall not make any statements, orally or in writing that misrepresent: a. the services that they or their firms are capable of performing. b. their qualifications or the qualifications of their firm. c. the member’s academic or professional credentials. Members shall not make or imply, orally or in writing, any assurances or guarantees regarding any investment except to communicate accurate information regarding the terms of the investment instrument and the issuer’s obligations under the instrument. Compliance: Firms can provide guidance to employees who make written or oral presentations to clients or prospects by providing a written list of the firm’s available services and a description of the firm’s qualifications. [pic] IV(B. ) Disclosure of Conflicts to Clients and Prospects: Members shall disclose to their clients and prospects all matters, including beneficial ownership of securities or other investments, that reasonably could be expected to impair the member’s ability to make unbiased and objective recommendations. Compliance: Members should report to their employers, clients, and prospects any material beneficial interest they may have in securities, corporate directorships, or other special re lationships they may have with the companies they are recommending. Members should make the disclosures before they make any recommendations or take any investment actions regarding these investments. [pic] IV(B. 8) Disclosure of Referral Fees: Members shall disclose to clients and prospects any consideration or benefit received by the member or delivered to others for the recommendation of any services to the client or prospect. Compliance: 1. Disclose all agreements in writing to any client or prospect who has been referred. 2. Describe in the disclosure the nature of the consideration and the estimated dollar value of the consideration. . Consult a supervisor and legal counsel concerning any prospective arrangement regarding referral fees. 2-V. : Standards of Professional Conduct: V. Relationships with and Responsibilities to the Investing Public A. : Prohibition against Use of Material Nonpublic Information Standard: Members who possess material nonpublic information related to the value of a security shall not trade or cause others to trade in t hat security if such trading would breach a duty or if the information was misappropriated or relates to a tender offer. If members receive material nonpublic information in confidence, they shall not breach that confidence by trading or causing others to trade in securities to which such information relates. Members shall make reasonable efforts to achieve public dissemination of material nonpublic information disclosed in breach of a duty. Compliance: Fire walls, minimum elements are: 1. Control over interdepartmental communications. 2. Review employee trading against restricted lists. 3. Restrict proprietary trading while the firm is in possession of material nonpublic information. Additional procedures: 1. Restrict personal and proprietary employee trading. 2. Place securities on a restricted list when the firm has material nonpublic information. 3. Disseminate material nonpublic information only to those with a need to know. 4. Designate a supervisor who decides when trading is appropriate. B. : Performance presentation Standard: 1. Members shall not make any statements, orally or in writing, that misrepresent the investment performance that they or their firms have accomplished or can reasonably be expected to achieve. 2. If members communicate individual or firm performance information directly or indirectly to clients or prospective clients, or in a manner intended to be received by clients or prospective clients, members shall make every reasonable effort to assure that such performance information is a fair, accurate, and complete presentation of such performance. Compliance: Misrepresentation about the investment performance of the firm can be avoided if the member maintains data about the firm’s investment performance in written form. Investment accounts should be combined into composites by investment class and risk groups. : Standards of Practice Handbook a: Demonstrate a thorough knowledge of the Standards of Professional Conduct by recognizing and applying the Standards to specific situations. This is an application of many different ethics concepts to different scenarios. After having learned the ethics material in earlier learning outcomes you will be able to apply these concepts to various scenarios as you take the quizzes. b: Distinguish between conduct that conforms to the Code and the Standards and conduct that violates the Code and the Standards. This requires looking at different scenarios and possibly applying several ethics concepts to each scenario. After you learn and understand the ethics concepts you will be able to apply them to specific situations through the quizzes. 4: AIMR Performance Presentation Standards Handbook a: Explain the goals of the AIMR-PPS Standards. The Standards have been designed to meet the following goals: †¢ To achieve greater uniformity and comparability among performance presentations. †¢ To improve the service offered to investment management clients. †¢ To enhance the professionalism of the industry. To bolster the notion of self-regulation. Note: The Presentation Standards are intended primarily to be performance presentation standards, not performance measurement standards. Portions of the AIMR-PPS are required while some are recommended. AIMR strongly encourages the adoption of both required and recommended components of the Standards. Also, performance presentations may ha ve to provide more than the minimum requirements of the AIMR-PPS to meet the full intent of the Standards. b: Identify the parties affected by the AIMR-PPS standards. Firms. The PPS Standards are voluntary. The PPS are widely recognized as fair and accurate reporting guidelines for investment performance. †¢ AIMR Members, CFA Charterholders, and CFA Candidates. The PPS are not explicitly incorporated into the AIMR Code and Standards of Professional Conduct. The PPS does, however, help insure that members, charterholders and candidates are in compliance with Standard V(B), Performance Presentation, so that they will make no material misrepresentation of their performance results. †¢ Prospective and Current Clients. The PPS helps clients compare investment performance across firms. The PPS helps clients evaluate their investment manager’s performance. c: Identify the four main topics of the AIMR-PPS standards (i. e. , creation and maintenance of composites, calculation of returns, presentation of results, and disclosures). †¢ Creation and maintenance of composites. A composite is a set of portfolios that follow the same investment style. †¢ Calculation of returns. †¢ Presentation of results. †¢ Disclosures. d: Identify what constitutes a valid claim of compliance with the AIMR-PPS standards. To claim compliance, firms must meet all composite, calculation, presentation, and disclosure requirements. Adherence to the basic requirements, however, does not guarantee fair and adequate performance reporting. Compliance with the standards also requires adherence to all applicable laws and regulations. If the firm has made every reasonable effort to ensure that their performance presentation is in compliance with the PPS, the firm can use the following legend:? XYZ Firm has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the Performance Presentation Standards of the Association for Investment Management and Research. AIMR has not been involved with the preparation or review of this report. †¢ Any use of the mark â€Å"AIMR† except as shown above is prohibited. †¢ If results are not in full compliance, performance cannot be presented as: Being in compliance with the AIMR-PPS except for †¦ †¢ Statements referring to the calculation methodology used in a presentation as being in accordance or compliance with AIMR-PPS standards are prohibited. †¢ AIMR members who misuse the term AIMR, AIMR-PPS standards, or the Compliance Statement are subject to disciplinary sanctions under Standard V(B). How to cite Cfa Level1 Note – Ethics and Professional Standards, Papers

Case Study about Project Management

Question: Discuss about the effectiveness of project management. Different tools of project management are evaluated and challenges in implementation of the project have been analyzed as per the requirements of the project Palm Trees Spa? Answer: Introduction Project management is of the great essence of the success of business firms. The given business report will highlight about the project of Palm Trees Spa, which is a resort. The primary function of the given project is to fulfill the desired level of customer satisfaction with the help of online reservation system. The effectiveness of the tools of project management will determine the success of the given project (Young, 2013). Background and principles of project management There is a long history of the evaluation of project management. The concept of project management has evolved in the late 19th century due to the complexities of manufacturing and transportation process. One of the biggest examples of project management was the transcontinental road back in 1862. However, the modern tools and techniques of project management evolved after 1900. Gantt chart considered be to a modern tool of project management is named after Henry Gantt. On the other hand, the critical path method was designed by two organizations namely, Remington and DuPont. United States Navy developed the concept of the pert chart. All the mentioned organizations and people have a great contribution to the aspect of project management. Therefore, this reflects that different organizational bodies had developed different modern principles and approaches of project management (Maller and Saderland, 2015). Different types of principles of management are present that the project of Palm Trees Spa can implement. The success criteria of the project of Palm Trees Spa will depend upon the application and implementation of the project management principles. Proper and effective business justification- The success criteria of the project will depend upon the overall justification of the project. The given justification of the project will vary upon the financial justification and outcomes of the project management. In addition to this, it is of a great essence for the firm to make the project validated on the eyes of the stakeholders. If the project is not financially viable and stable, then, it is not possible for the project manager to guide the project to its desired success (Morris, 2013). Effectively designed roles of the project manager- The role and function of project manager determines whether the project will succeed or not. It is of a great essence for the project manager to communicate with all its team members effectively. In addition to this, the respective manager needs to have all the desired leadership skills to motivate his fellow team members. There must be a proper clarity in his role so that the flow of work takes place effectively. In addition to this, the project manager must have a problem solving skill to solve all the issues around the project. Several stages of project management- It is great essence for a project manager to follow several stages to carry out the activities of the project. These stages can be in the form of the planning stage, implementation stage, coordinating stage and controlling stage. The project manager needs to divide all the activities of the project through proper monitoring tools of project management. The completion of each stage will determine the success criteria of the next stage (Serpella et al. 2014) Clear aims and objectives- It is of a great essence for a project manager to have a clear set of aims and objectives of the project. The critical path activities and network model of the project will depend upon the aims and objectives of the given project. For example, in case of the given project of Palm Trees Spa, the main objective is to create an online platform for customer booking to meet the needs and requirements of all the customers Analysis of external and internal environment of the project- It is important for the project manager to analyze the internal and external factors associated with the project before allocating all the respective activities to the project. The internal environment includes SWOT analysis of the project, and external analysis reflects the Pestle analysis of the project. If the project fails in terms of analyzing the desired tools of internal and external analysis, then, the project will not attain its success. Learning from experience- The manager needs to learn from his experience to integrate all the activities of the project effectively. These are the required principles of project management that is also applicable in the given case of Palm Trees Spa project. B) Success and failure criteria of the project Palm Trees Spa The success and failure criteria of the project can be evaluated with the assist of several elements. These are in the form of economic, financial, technical, environmental and socio-political viability. It is further evaluated with the assist of the following table:- Success/ failure criteria of the project Palm Trees Spa Economic viability The given resources meets the needs of the customers in a timely manner Financial viability The given project is at par with the desired budget of the project manager Technical viability Interactive website and online reservation system is running efficiently Environmental viability The given system do not have any environmental aspect of the society Socio-political viability The project is at par with the social and political aspects of the society. Table 1: Success/ failure criteria of the project Palm Trees Spa The above table reflects the success and failure criteria of the given project of Palm Trees Spa. If the concerned project meets the required guidelines, then the project will be considered as successful and vice versa. In addition to this, the viability of the project can be easily appraised with implementation of the tools required for success criteria and meeting the needs and objectives of the project (Zavadskas et al. 2012) Principles behind the setting of systems and projects to implement the given resources of the project There are several principles that are present behind implementation of systems and procedures of the project in case of every project management. Meredith and Mantel (2011) opine that the methodology used to carry out the project in an effective manner is systems in project management. In case of the given project, there is a possible requirement of different types of systems and procedures. In project management, systems and procedure are those that form the core of any project management. In the given case, the project of Palm Trees Spa has more than a few systems and procedures. These are online platform to design the website, effective software, different project management software and other technological systems. There are some key principles which help to utilize systems in the entire given project management. One of the principles is time management and cost management. The systems and procedure are required to be implemented within the desired cost and time scheduled by the respective project manager. The procedures of critical path analysis, Gantt chart and Pert Chart can be managed through utilization of cost and time management. In addition to this, systems and procedures have a direct and positive correlation between resource management in case of every project like Palm Trees Spa. Several resources are involved within the respective project management. With the help of planning and schedule management, the project can effectively manage its resource manage ment that can be success criteria for the given project (Teller et al. 2012) Key elements involved in the process of terminating the project and conducting of appraisal of the project Several key elements can lead the project manager to terminate the project. The first and foremost step of any project is a process of planning and scheduling of all activities and cost management. However, after allocation and implementation of all the given resources of the project, if they are several variances, then, the project manager can terminate the project. The variances of the project can be due to several systematic and unsystematic risks. If scheduling of any activity goes wrong, then, the possible variances can hamper the project greatly. It can lead the project towards its termination. In addition to this, if the project fails to attain its desired milestones, then, it can also fail to sustain. Project aims and objectives are also part of project milestones. Financial and non-financial analysis also plays a key role in appraisal or termination of any particular project. Therefore, if these factors go wrong, then, the project may easily be terminated. Risk assessment to ols also form the core of any given project like online web site development of Palm Trees Spa. If the project manager fails to ascertain and prioritize all the existing risks of a given project, then, the project will fail. The most important part of post project appraisal can be in the form of identification of activities that did not work out properly. It is of the great essence for the manager to slack out these activities from its respective critical path analysis. Every project manager wants his/her project to be successful. Therefore, it is important to conduct a critical analysis for post project appraisal that will lead the project to success or failure (Zavadskas et al. 2012) Human Resources required for the project of Palm Trees Spa Several human resources are required for successful implementation of the project of interactive internet system of the resort Palm Trees Spa. These can be further explained with the assist of the following table:- Human resources Roles Project manager (1) To monitor and measure all the activities and operations of the overall project from start to end. Operations manager-5 To carry out the operational activities concerning about MIS of the online interactive system System engineer-4 To develop the platform of the interactive and attractive website for online customer booking of the resort Palm Trees Spa Financial manager- 2 To manage the budget and required costs attached to the project Network engineer-3 To develop the network plan and network model of the project of online reservation system. Table 2: Human resources required for the project and their respective roles All the given resources are required until the end of the project that is implementation of effective online system. The project manager has delegated their respective duties in accordance to their individual areas of specialization. There is no retirement or redundancy planning of the selected human resources of the project. The total number of upper and middle level human resources that are required is 15. The working pattern of them is in accordance to their functions and sequence of activities as designed in the networking model of the project. The given human resources will be recruited for long-term purpose of the resort (Schwalbe, 2014). Identification of appropriate organizational structure of the given project The size of the project is huge, as it requires an effective online reservation system all across the resort of Palm Trees Spa. Therefore, the organizational structure can be in the form of functional organizational structure. All the given resources have been given their desired roles and all the activities will be performed sequentially. Since the project is all about implementation of effective online reservation system, therefore, sequential planning of activities is the critical determinant factor for its success. Due to this reason, functional organizational structure will suit the activities of the project. Other organizational structures like dedicated project team and matrix structure will not be suitable in the given case. This is mainly because; dedicated project team structure cannot be flexible to perform all the given activities of the project. The organizational structure of the project can be evaluated with the help of the following diagram:- Figure 1: Organizational Structure of the project Palm Trees Spa (Source: Pryke and Smyth, 2012) The above organizational structure will help the project to attain its respective vision and mission statement. The other two given organizational structure is not at all suitable for the required project. The main functions and responsibilities of the human resource manager are to coordinate all the functions and responsibilities in accordance to the given organizational structure of the firm. In addition to this, the role of human resource manager is to communicate all the ideas among the team members of the project. This will also further increase the efficiency of the given project. Role and structure in controlling and coordinate the project The above discussed role and structure of the project helps the project manager to control and coordinate about all the activities of the project effectively. It is of great essence for the project manager of the given manager of the project Palm Trees Spa to coordinate about all the respective resources of the project effectively. Project scheduling and project planning play an effective part based on the role and structure of the project. There are different phases and activities of the given project. These phases depend upon the role and structure evaluated by the respective project manager. The organization follows a functional organizational structure that will make the manager easier to control the project efficiently. Control of the project is to ensure that there are no possible variances of this project. If there were variances in this online development project, then, it would surely fail. Coordination of the project is also important to carry out all the possible activitie s sequentially. Therefore, the process of controlling and coordination of the project depends upon the role and structure (Leach, 2014). There are different types of control that can be implemented in every project management. These types are active control, post project control and cybernetic control. In the given case, the project manager has evaluated the tool of active control to control all the activities of the required project. The given project is about implementation of online tools and techniques of Palm Trees Spa project. Therefore, it requires an active project manager to control all the steps and activities actively (Usman et al. 2014) Different types of resources are given different roles and responsibilities to complete the project in time. The role of network and system engineer is to implement and monitor about the technical requires of the project. The financial manager will monitor the project budget and operational manager will monitor all the operations as per the requirements. The project can also implement several modern control and monitoring tools like Pert Chart, Gantt chart, Network model, etc. Leadership styles required for the particular project Different types of leadership and management styles are present that a manager of a project can implement. These types of leadership and management styles are autocratic leadership, participative leadership, transformational leadership and laissez-fare leadership. Leadership and management styles In the present project, the best type of leadership that would be suitable is the transformational leadership. In such case, it is the responsibility of the leaders to transform with the identification of the right needs and the requirements of the organization. They have the vision and help in creating the inspiration for the employees to enhance the service. The identification of the collective work is the key in the present case. The leaders identify the issue and accordingly tailor the resources and motivate to give the best to the organization. Performance of the employees is the most important aspect as the customers are satisfied based on the service. Belbins team roles This is the aspect, which entails the use of the allowable weakness. This is the priority in the team role of Belbin. The strength of the role includes factor like plant where the role-played is that of creativity and the imagination. The weakness of the person is ignoring the incidentals. The next is the resource investigator who is enthusiastic, communication and the weakness includes over optimism in all the aspects. The next strength is that of a coordinator who is matured and confident and the weakness includes being manipulative. The next is the shaper who is, dynamic and the weakness includes prone to provocation. The next in line is the monitor evaluator who is sober and strategic. The weakness is inability to inspire others. Team worker is cooperative and the weakness includes indecisive. The next is the implementor who is not so flexible. The next in line is the complete finisher who is not ready to delegate. Finally, specialist is the person who is part of the single-minde d idea. They are dedicated but the weakness includes contributing to a narrow front. Leadership of the project manager The project manager for this particular project has to be inspiring which in other words mean to be transformational. This would help and enhance the prospect of the organization effectively. This helps in motivating the employees to work collaboratively. The project manager has the capacity of dealing with the team and enhancing their performance perfectly (Larson and Gray, 2011). Motivational theory and the leadership style The motivation theory, which is best applicable, is Herzbergs hygiene models where part from the hygiene factors the motivational factors are important. This includes the promotion of the right opportunities. Opportunities are also included in the improvement of the personal growth along with the recognition of the power and the resources in the organization. The achievement is all the above-mentioned aspect is the most important aspect. In case of the transformational leader all, these aspects are important to deal with the opportunity and the enhancement of the personal and the aspects of the organization. This type of leaders has the drive of helping the employees is forming the collectivity and work in case of the achievement of the organization. This type of leader has the vision of the best elements, which would help in generating the best for the future aspects of the organization. Detailed plan of the project of Palm Trees Spa There are several key components in case of any project management. These components are time management, cost management, project schedule, project control and project risk management. Another key component of project planning is project budgeting and effective strategic planning. All the key components are included in this project of building up of interactive website and design of resort Palm Trees Spa. WBS (Work breakdown structure) is of crucial importance for the success of the given project. It helps to ascertain total amount of budget, scheduling of activities and period of any particular project. The success criteria of the project depend upon the efficiency of WBS of the given project. In addition to this, the given tool of WBS also helps the project manager to gain a certain level of commitment from all its team members and improve their performance level by setting up targets and solutions. Based on the given targets, the success criteria and milestones of the project can be measured (Prieto, 2015). Several steps can also be taken based on the variances of the project. Level A Level B Level C Palm Trees Spa 1.1Planning of the project 1.1 Meeting with the project manager 1.2 Written specification 1.3Meeting with agreed specification 1.2 Framing 1.2.1 Framing of roof and walls. 1.2.1 Installation of shingles and brick should be cleaned 1.2.2 Installation of stairs and bricks 1.2.3 Framing of windows and doors 1.3 Foundation and design of the website 1.3.1 Design of the website 1.4Allocation of resources 1.5 Install software 1.5.1 install electrics 1.5.2 install network 1.5.3 Clean up 1.6 Framing 1.7 Implementation of integrated tools of MIS 1.8 Budgetary analysis 1.9 Risk management Table 1: WBS of the project Task Mode Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Resource Names Task 45 days Mon 8/24/15 Fri 10/23/15 Planning of the website 10 days Mon 8/24/15 Fri 9/4/15 meet with project Manager 5 days Mon 8/24/15 Fri 8/28/15 Project Manager ,Project Technician ,Finance manager write specification 3 days Mon 8/31/15 Wed 9/2/15 3 Project Manager ,Finance manager meeting to agree specification 2 days Thu 9/3/15 Fri 9/4/15 4 Project Manager ,Project Technician ,SC Manager Foundation and design of the website 15 days Mon 9/7/15 Fri 9/25/15 5 Allocation of resources 20 days Mon 9/28/15 Fri 10/23/15 6 Implementation of attractive tools 20 days Mon 8/24/15 Fri 9/18/15 7 install electrics 3 days Mon 8/24/15 Wed 8/26/15 Electricians[2%] install network 2 days Thu 8/27/15 Fri 8/28/15 9 Trainers install software 2 days Mon 8/31/15 Tue 9/1/15 10 IT Technicians[2%] Installation of online systems 20 days Wed 9/2/15 Tue 9/29/15 11 Framing 10 days Wed 9/30/15 Tue 10/13/15 12 IT Technicians[4%],Finance manager,Project Manager Implementation of integrated tools of MIS 10 days Wed 10/14/15 Tue 10/27/15 13 IT Technicians Budgetary analysis 5 days Wed 10/28/15 Tue 11/3/15 14 Finance manager Risk assessment plan 6 days Wed 11/4/15 Wed 11/11/15 15 Controlling and monitoring of all the activities 4 days Thu 11/12/15 Tue 11/17/15 16 Table: Scheduling of activities of the project based on the WBS of the project S.no Tasks Resources Quantity Duration Cost 1 Planning Project manager 1000 10 10000 2 Website design Project manager, network engineer and systems engineer $1,200 5 6000 3 Foundation of the website 2500 15 37500 4 Allocation of resources Design engineer, Project manager $1,000 20 20000 5 Implementation of attractive tools Project manager $500 20 10000 6 Installation of online systems Project manager $2,000 20 40000 7 Framing 100 10 1000 8 Implementation of integrated tools of MIS Network and system engineer $500 10 5000 9 Budgetary analysis Financial manager 200 5 1000 10 Risk assessment plan Project manager $500 6 3000 11 Controlling and monitoring of all the activities Project manager $500 4 2000 Table: Budgetary analysis of the project Techniques to schedule project activities There are several techniques to schedule project activities. These are Gantt chart, Pert Chart, critical path analysis, etc. The below two figure reflects the scheduling of the given two projects. Figure 1: Gantt chart Figure 2: Pert Chart The total duration of the project is 45 days and the critical path of the project is 1-2-4-5-6-8-10-11-12-13-15-16. Therefore, the project manager of the project needs to minimize the total duration of the project by cutting of the slack activities. The project cost can be controlled by effective utilization of budgetary analysis and analyzing the variances of the required project. Costs can be managed by minimizing the total amount of variances effectively. It can also be done through analysis of earned value management. Methods of measuring performance Performance of the overall project of Palm Trees Spa can be evaluated with the tool of key performance indicators. It can be done through cost performance, satisfaction level of the customers, satisfaction level of employees, milestones of the project, variances in scheduling and cost management. In the given project, cost management, schedule management and feedback of the stakeholders about the online system can be considered as its important key performance indicators. This project has been kept within the required targeted costs, and targeted scheduling It is evaluated in WBS and Gantt chart of the project. All the respective key performance indicators or KPI are of great essence for this project (Snedaker and Hoenig, 2005). Change control procedure of the project There are different types of changes that can take place in case of every project management. These changes can be in the form of change of demands of the stakeholders, economic slowdown, change of schedule, addition of new activities, increased of variances of cost budgeting, natural disaster, etc. These changes can also be in the form of different systematic and unsystematic risks. Changes can take place in the form of management and leadership style of a given project like Palm Trees Spa. Different forms of structural and reengineering changes can also take place in the internal management of the organization. There are several benefits in the process of managing changes in the project of Palm Trees Spa. Firstly, the project can be completed in due course of time as per the needs of stakeholders. The project can easily attain its aims and objectives through the given analysis. The given project may also face several changes. These changes may be in the form of technical changes, changes in management, changes in design of website, etc (Leach, 2014). All the given changes can be managed as well as monitored. The project manager may prioritize the given changes or risks by preparing a contingency plan at the initial stages. This is the same for internal and external changes in management. Changes in the given project may be also monitored through effective feedback of stakeholders. Conclusion The above report concludes about the effectiveness of project management. Different tools of project management are evaluated and challenges in implementation of the project have been analyzed as per the requirements of the project Palm Trees Spa. References Morris, P. (2013).Reconstructing project management. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. Young, T. (2013).Successful project management. Philadelphia, Pa.: Kogan Page Ltd. Hyvari, I. (2006). Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 24(3), pp.216-225. Klein, L., Biesenthal, C. and Dehlin, E. (2015). 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