Complement Serum Activity by Lysing Sheep Erythrocytes

Complement Serum Activity by Lysing Sheep Erythrocytes Introduction The Immune system is a series of complex processes which has evolved to protect the body from attack by foreign pathogens. These pathogens are able to enter our body through the skin or lining of the internal organs. The immune system is able to protect us from intracellular and extracellular organisms as well as from ourselves, stopping malignancies and autoimmune diseases from spreading in our bodies (Bastian, 1993). There are two lines of defence, the adaptive (specific) and innate (non-specific immunity), though both are united in their goal to destroy pathogens they have different ways to tackle this. Innate immunity is the 1st line of defence while adaptive immunity is the 2nds line and thus takes longer to act (Clancy, 1998). The complement system is part of the immune system and can be bought into action by the adaptive system if required. Complement is a group of proteins working together within the immune system; once stimulated by one of many triggers, proteases begin to c leave protein in the system, bringing a cascade of enzyme reactions in order to fight off foreign pathogens and activate the inflammatory response. Within the complement cascade there are many proteins that play a role but C3 is a protein critical to the effector functions of the system (Abbas, 1994). There are many paths for immune mediated lysis and the one we will be looking at is intravascular haemolyse and occurs when the complement has been triggered through the classical pathway. When the antibody binds to the antigen on the surface of the erythrocyte, a complement component triggers the membrane attack complex to form pores in the cell membrane resulting in cell lysis (Chapel, 1990). The intensity and speed at which cells lyse is dependent upon the rate at which the complement cascades to enable complete cell lysis. Experiments like these are able to provide us with an understanding of how the complement immune system functions. It can also increase our understanding of autoimmunity and perhaps lead to ways in which the effects of immunity can be prolonged or inhibited according to the disease. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, in which complement is analysed, as getting SLE is dependent upon the gene which is responsible for producing MHC, a component used in haemolysis (American, 1993), patients with other immunological disorders can require their complement activity to be monitored and thus this assay would be able to show how efficiently the complement component of the immune system is working to defend their bodies. Aims To determine complement serum activity by lysing sheep erythrocytes To determine the volume of complement required for 50% lysis. Materials 20 Cuvettes 1.0ml 20 test tube plastic disposable Automatic pipette 200-1000 ÂÂ µl 6 tips Automatic pipette 0-200 ÂÂ µl 6 tips Water bath at 37Â °C Spectrophotometer Test tube rack Centrifuge Ice bucket Ice Method Wash 4ml of erythrocyte suspension three times with barbitone saline solution. Prepare a 6% stock solution of erythrocytes In one test tube mix 3.0ml of sheep anti-erythrocyte antiserum, diluted 1/50 3.0ml of the 6% SRBC Mix and gently by capping and inverting several times Incubate at 37Â °C for 15min in the water bath, mix every 5min. Set up the test tubes on ice in duplicates and label Add the reagents in order as shown in table 1 below Incubate the tubes for 60 minutes at 37Â °C mixing gently every 15minutes Place the tubes on ice and then centrifuge at 200g for 10 minutes at 4Â °C Remove the samples and put into cuvettes and read the absorbance at 541nm, with ammonia solution as blank record the results in a table. Results Discussion When carrying out the experiment raw data was recorded, and presented in table 1. However the results obtained during the practical were not used as the erythrocytes lysed before complement was added and therefore complement activity could not be observed as adding complement to lysed cells is not able to produce results, therefore the ideal data provided was used and analysed. From table 1 it is clear that absorbance levels increased as serum volume increased, this is due to the fact that as volumes of complement increase more red blood cells are lysed which in turn allows haemoglobin to be let out, this is of a dark colour and as more cells are lyses the darker the resulting sample will be, and so the absorbance as read the spectrophotometer will increase. After the guinea pig serum has been mixed with the sensitised erythrocytes, it produces anti-body coated cells with complement attaching to the antibody, and activating this attracts the MAC molecules to take action and lyse the cell (Kuby, 1994). Following the pattern seen in table one table 3 shows a progressive % lysis of cells as the volume of serum is increased, however for the 100% lysis an ammonia buffer was used to ensure that all cells are lysed during the experiment. Further to this graph 1 produced a sigmoid curve, from which it was possible to estimate CH50. However calculating the 50% lysis from this graph is not very accurate. Thus a log graph 2 was constructed, with the use of van Krogh equation to determine the actual value of 50% lysis. The equation was provided by the lecturer. Van Krogh equation: x= k[ y ]1/n 100-y Where: x= amount of complement (ml of undiluted serum) y= proportion of cells lysed k=50% unit of compliment n=inclination of graph (ideally 0.2) This resulted in table 4 giving a volume of 133.5 CH50/ml. However when calculating CH50 the x values were all in the negative. Moreover, it was not possible to compare data sets obtained against ideal data as the experiment did not yield results due to lysis of erythrocytes before complement was added. This could have occurred due to improper pipetting, handling or transporting of the cells as shaking them too much could have lysed them due to shock, as the cells were sensitized and thus prone to quick lysis. Further to this it was reported by Inglis, et al, 2007, that the use of erythrocytes from different sheep can yield inaccurate results and thus produce different CH50. Although there are many inaccuracies present within the experiment, it also gives scope to further improve the method as well as explore other area of the subject at hand such as factors which affect the performance of complement like temperature or PH. This assay is a good way to measure the activity of the immu ne system within patients, such as patients with LSE as mentioned earlier, other patients with low immunity can also be tested to see how the complement system is or isnt aiding their recovery, thus steps can be taken by medical professionals to either boost or monitor the progress of the patients immunity as fundamentally the immune system is required to work at its optimum to keep humans and animals from dying of disease(Inglis,et al, 2007). Conclusion Overall this experiment has shown how complement is important in aiding white blood cells to lyse foreign bodies. Though in the experiment carried out the blood cells lysed before complement was added the method was presented and the ideal set of data, showed what results should have been obtained. Also the hypothesis that as the complement concentration increases so will the absorbance proved positive.

Effect Size and Classroom Management Essay

Teachers play various roles in a typical classroom, but surely one of the most important is that of classroom manager. Effective teaching and learning cannot take place in a poorly managed classroom. If students are disorderly and disrespectful, and no apparent rules and procedures guide behavior, chaos becomes the norm. In these situations, both teachers and students suffer. Teachers struggle to teach, and students most likely learn much less than they should. In contrast, well-managed classrooms provide an environment in which teaching and learning can flourish. But a well-managed classroom doesn’t just appear out of nowhere. It takes a good deal of effort to create—and the person who is most responsible for creating it is the teacher. We live in an era when research tells us that the teacher is probably the single most important factor affecting student achievement—at least the single most important factor that we can do much about. To illustrate, as a result of their study involving some 60,000 students, S. Paul Wright, Sandra Horn, and William Sanders (1997) note the following: The results of this study will document that the most important factor affecting student learning is the teacher. In addition, the results show wide variation in effectiveness among teachers. The immediate and clear implication of this finding is that seemingly more can be done to improve education by improving the effectiveness of teachers than by any other single factor. Effective teachers appear to be effective with students of all achievement levels regardless of the levels of heterogeneity in their classes. If the teacher is ineffective, students under that teacher’s tutelage will achieve inadequate progress academically, regardless of how similar or different they are regarding their academic achievement. p. 63) [emphasis in original] Researcher Kati Haycock (1998) uses the findings of this study and others conducted by William Sanders and his colleagues (e. g. , Sanders & Horn, 1994) to paint a dramatic picture of the profound impact an individual teacher can have on student achievement. The point is illustrated in Figure 1. 1, which depicts the differences in achievement between students who spend a year in class with a highly effective teacher as opposed to a highly ineffective teacher. According to Figure 1. 1, tudents in the classes of teachers classified as the most effective can be expected to gain about 52 percentile points in their achievement over a year’s time. Students in the classes of teachers classified as least effective can be expected to gain only about 14 percentile points over a year’s time. This comparison is even more dramatic when one realizes that some researchers have estimated that students will exhibit a gain in learning of about 6 percentile points simply from maturation—from growing one year older and gleaning new knowledge and information through everyday life (see Hattie, 1992; Cahen & Davis, 1987). The least effective teachers, then, add little to the development of students’ knowledge and skill beyond what would be expected from simply growing one year older in our complex, information-rich society. Figure 1. 1. Impact of Teacher Effectiveness on Student Achievement Sanders and his colleagues, who gathered their data from elementary school students in Tennessee, are not the only ones to document dramatic differences in achievement between students in classes taught by highly ineffective versus highly effective teachers. Haycock (1998) reports similar findings from studies conducted in Dallas and Boston. I have come to similar conclusions in my work, although I have taken a very different approach from that used in the studies that form the basis for Haycock’s conclusions. Whereas the studies conducted in Tennessee, Dallas, and Boston were based on data acquired from students over time, I used a research process called meta-analysis to synthesize the research on effective schools over the last 35 years (see Marzano, 2000a, 2003b). That approach enabled me to separate the effect on student achievement of a school (in general) from the effect of an individual teacher. Figure 1. 2 illustrates my findings. Figure 1. 2. Effects of a School vs. a Teacher on Student Entering at 50th Percentile To understand the impact that a teacher can make, let’s consider each of the five scenarios in Figure 1. 2. (For a detailed discussion of how the computations in Figure 1. 2 were derived, see Marzano, 2000a. ) As depicted in Figure 1. 2, if a student begins at the 50th percentile in mathematics, let’s say, and attends an average school and has an average teacher, her achievement will still be at the 50th percentile at the end of about two years. The student has learned enough to keep pace with her peers. But what happens to that student if she attends a school that is considered one of the least effective and is unfortunate enough to have a teacher who is classified as one of the least effective? After two years she has dropped from the 50th percentile to the 3rd percentile. She may have learned something about mathematics, but that learning is so sporadic and unorganized that she has lost considerable ground in a short time. In the third scenario, the same student is in a school classified as most effective, but she has a teacher classified as least effective. Although the student entered the class at the 50th percentile, two years later she leaves the class at the 37th percentile. In contrast to the two previous scenarios, the fourth presents a very optimistic picture. The student is not only in a school classified as most effective, but also is in the class of a teacher classified as most effective. She enters the class at the 50th percentile, but she leaves at the 96th percentile. The fifth scenario most dramatically depicts the impact of an individual teacher. Again, the student is in a school that is considered least effective, but she is with a teacher classified as most effective. The student now leaves the class at the 63rd percentile—13 percentile points higher than the point at which she entered. It is this last scenario that truly depicts the importance of individual teachers. Even if the school they work in is highly ineffective, individual teachers can produce powerful gains in student learning. Although the effect the classroom teacher can have on student achievement is clear, the dynamics of how a teacher produces such an effect are not simple. Rather, the effective teacher performs many functions. These functions can be organized into three major roles: (1) making wise choices about the most effective instructional strategies to employ, (2) designing classroom curriculum to facilitate student learning, and (3) making effective use of classroom management techniques. The first role deals with instructional strategies and their use. Effective teachers have a wide array of instructional strategies at their disposal. They are skilled in the use of cooperative learning and graphic organizers; they know how best to use homework and how to use questions and advance organizers, and so on. Additionally, they know when these strategies should be used with specific students and specific content. Although cooperative learning might be highly effective in one lesson, a different approach might be better in another lesson. Some general strategies that have a good research â€Å"track record† in terms of enhancing student achievement have been detailed in Classroom Instruction That Works: Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement (Marzano, Pickering, & Pollock, 2001). The second role associated with effective teaching is classroom curriculum design. This means that effective teachers are skilled at identifying and articulating the proper sequence and pacing of their content. Rather than relying totally on the scope and sequence provided by the district or the textbook, they consider the needs of their students collectively and individually and then determine the content that requires emphasis and the most appropriate sequencing and presentation of that content. They are also highly skilled at constructing and arranging learning activities that present new knowledge in different formats (e. g. stories, explanations, demonstrations) and different media (e. g. , oral presentations, written presentations, video presentations, Web-based presentations, simulations, hands-on activities). The third role involved in effective teaching is classroom management. This, of course, is the subject of this book. The following chapters detail and exemplify the various components of effective classroom management. Before delving into classroom man agement, however, it is important to note that each of these three roles is a necessary but not sufficient component of effective teaching. That is, no single role by itself is sufficient to guarantee student learning, but take one out of the mix and you probably guarantee that students will have difficulty learning. Nevertheless, a strong case can be made that effective instructional strategies and good classroom curriculum design are built on the foundation of effective classroom management. As Long and Frye (1985) note in their book, Making It Till Friday: A Guide to Successful Classroom Management, it is a myth to believe that . . . ffective teachers can prevent all discipline problems by keeping students interested in learning through the use of exciting classroom materials and activities. The potential for problems exists beyond academics. Students experience difficulties at home which spill over into the classroom; students experience problems with peers during class breaks and in the classroom which often involve the teacher; and students experience mood changes which can generate problems, to name just a few. (pp. 3–4) Similarly, in their ynthesis of the research, Edmund Emmer, Julie Sanford, Barbara Clements, and Jeanne Martin (1982) note that At all public school grade levels, effective classroom management has been recognized as a crucial element in effective teaching. If a teacher cannot obtain students’ cooperation and involve them in instructional activities, it is unlikely that effective teaching will take place †¦ In addition, poor management wastes class time, reduces students’ time on task and detracts from the quality of the learning environment.

Rumored Buzz on Topics for Essay Writing in English Exposed

Rumored Buzz on Topics for Essay Writing in English Exposed When prior brainstorming is finished, you can begin drafting your essay. Hence, if you'd like to balance your academic and family pressure side-by-side, you can just become completely free essay samples so you may have a simple idea of writing proper essays. Hunting for the argumentative essay tips for college do not forget that the chosen theme should attract you in the very first spot. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Even a quick plan is much better than no plan whatsoever, and will begin to provide the writer a feeling that completing an essay on such topic is well in their grasp. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you might want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. Topics for Essay Writing in English Explained Realising an essay isn't supposed to be perfect the very first time you write that, really helps some people. Questions people live longer and longer, the notion of cloning human beings essay order to offer spare parts is getting to be a reality. Some questions feel that it is going to improve people's lives in lots of ways. If you're writing about social problems, you will usually be writing about the way the topic a ffects larger groups of people, like how poverty affects a whole generation. When you choose a specific topic, step one is to develop into an authority in the area. Then list all the questions which you'd like answered yourself. There are many questions written each year you may discover your practice answering many questions on various topics. If you have difficulty developing a topic, then you ought to take some opportunity to visit with your professor. If you're interested in your topic, learning about it'll be more pleasurable and you'll write with increased passion, so select your topic thoughtfully. If you're applying at more than 1 college, it is reasonable use a topic that will get the job done for all your choices so you just have to write one great essay. Many students realize that they just should talk through a number of topic ideas until they make their final selections. After the work on your paper is already in process, bear in mind you should be prepared for the upcoming discussion. Some inertia with writing can be because of deficiency of knowledge. If you don't have a time for that, contact us and we'll write If you're hating argumentative essay writing, you have plenty of company. Unfortunately, in regards to writing papers on various assignments, there isn't any perfect collection of all of the s trategies and options. The Foolproof Topics for Essay Writing in English Strategy In case the latter is true, the topic should be chosen dependent on its depth and controversial nature. Because your term paper is all about what you've learned and what more you wish to learn, you need to clearly show your knowledge together with evidence of one-of-a-kind thought. Discussion essays consider each side of an argument. The Little-Known Secrets to Topics for Essay Writing in English Dissertation writing is not uncommon to all degree courses in most universities all around the world. Writing a superb persuasive research paper is a difficult undertaking. Dissertation writing tends to be quite challenging and time consuming to the majority of the students. When research papers are assigned, it's vital to pick a topic which fits with the requirements from the training course. If you're assigned to compose a research paper your main task is choosing international small business research paper topics. Otherwise, a friend who's knowledgeable about science topics are sometimes a great resource, too. Next, select two topics which you would remove. Our physics topic suggestions can be utilised to create unique tips for your own research papers. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Topics for Essay Writing in English As a writer you can't ever underestimate the demand for research work. You won't even notice the way the hours of research pass, as you'll be too absorbed with the new intriguing facts that you discover in the procedure. For instance, researching a wide topic like business management'' is difficult since there can be hundreds of sources on all facets of business administration. Lots of the medical issues that people are resume template objective lines in the present world are the result of the simple fact that we've got an extre mely sedentary way of life.

Drug Abuse On The United States Essay - 1344 Words

Drug Abuse on the Rise in the Community â€Å"In 2014, nearly two million Americans either abused or were dependent on prescription opioid pain relievers (â€Å"Injury Prevention and Control: Opioid Overdose,† 2016.)† The CDC is now saying that the United States is in an epidemic. The purpose of this paper is to explore the increasing drug use in the United States over the last decade. The primary focus is on the administration of opioid analgesics and the addicting mechanisms of these medications, and what they are used for. It will talk about the deaths related to these medications and the health effects, and the other types of drugs these medications can lead to, such as heroin. This paper will also talk about the costs related to opioid analgesics in the hospitals and in the community, and what we as health care providers can be doing to help stop this epidemic. Drug Abuse on the Risk in the Community Opioid analgesics, also known as narcotic analgesics, and are used as pain relievers that act on the central nervous system; these drugs can have very addicting mechanisms involved. â€Å"According to the centers for disease control and prevention, prescription drug abuse has reached â€Å"epidemic† proportions, deaths from prescription drugs, particularly opioid analgesics, now vie with automobile accidents as the most common cause for accidental death (Herzberg, Guarino, Mateu-Gelabert, Bennett, 2016).† Throughout the last decade there have been more deaths and addictionShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse And The United States1645 Words   |  7 PagesNixon launched the war on drugs stating, â€Å"America’s public enemy number one in the United States is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all out offensive† (Sharp, 1994). Since this war was declared 45 years ago the prison population has risen dramatically and has cost tax payers a substantial amount of money, with no end in sight. Nearly sixty five percent of the 2.3 million U.S. prisoners meet the criteria for substance abuse or addiction, yet only elevenRead MoreDrug Abuse And The United States1374 Words   |  6 PagesDrug abuse is happening in many countries. Millions of dollars are exhausted universally to prevent drug use, to treat addicts, and to fight drug-related misdemeanors. While drugs menace many civilizations, their result can also be combated triumphantly. This essay topic glances at some of the consequences of drug use on the world, and proposes some resolution to the complication. Drug addiction and drug abuse sinfully changes your state of body and mind with chemical substances. (What is the scopeRead MoreDrug Abuse And The United States879 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of drug abuse and addiction in the United States has become much more relevant in the past few years. Drugs and the drug crisis were for the longest tim e something which was limited geographically, socially and racially. Which is to say that drugs were only a â€Å"problem† in the inner city. In the 1980s, this was symbolized by the so-called crack epidemic which ravaged the poorer and most fragile communities in the country. The issue of drug abuse in the United States is important becauseRead MoreDrug Abuse And The United States3359 Words   |  14 Pageswith drugs in the United States. Law enforcement has been fighting to decrease this drug abuse for almost centuries. Presidents have personally have been trying to find different methods on how to stop this drug war. Unfortunately law enforcement has not been able to win this battle. You could see how they are losing because there been so many cases that involve drug abusers that had to go to get treatment or some even go to prison. This is causing so many problems especially with the drug tradeRead MoreDrug Abuse And The United States1549 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduct ion: Drug abuse has always been a very delicate question as it always it deals with the health, well-being and even lives of human beings belonging to any country. The position of the United States of America towards drugs has always been very clear and distinctively negative. Throughout the history of the country there were numerous cases against drug dealers, buyers and many more. These cases did always catch the attention of civil people who by showing interest in such cases revealedRead MoreDrug Abuse in the United States546 Words   |  2 PagesA major social problem that is in the United States is the usage of drugs among students. Drugs have had a very large growth rate within the past years. Drugs are a major issue that is affecting students and going to school and getting an education. There are a numerous number of reasons of why the young are partaking in drugs. Mostly because they don’t have a very stable and healthy home environment meaning their parents donâ₠¬â„¢t really care for them or discipline them by any means. A big transitionRead More Drug Abuse in the United States Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Abuse in the United States of America In the United States of America, we, the people value several things, some of which are freedom, expanding and taking care of our families and our financial security. We, the people, take such things for granted. We also discourage some behavior, such as crime, laziness and use of illegal drugs. Drug abuse is one of the most discouraged behaviors in our country. Use of illegal drugs is harmful to the userand all those with whom the userRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The United States1717 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate the absurdity of the drug abuse problems in the United States, it should be brought to light that the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use Health estimated that â€Å"27 million people aged 12 or older have used an illicit drug in the past 30 days† (Hedden, Kennet, Lipari, Medley, Tice, 2015). As gun violence has become a popular topic in America over the past few years due to its’ related deaths, many Americans’ fail to realize that more people are dying from drug overdose than by weapon. In today’sRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects On The United States Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse is worldwide problem and one that has plagued the United States for decades. Drug abuse negatively impacts not only the individual user, but also our society as a whole. The fight to prevent the manufacturing and trafficking of illegal drugs into the country h as made very little impact on its accessibility to those that wish to partake. According to the National Drug Control Budget Report for 2015, the President of the United States request $25.4 Billion in Fiscal Year 2015 in orderRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The United States947 Words   |  4 PagesNgoc Do Drug Abuse Drug abuse is a problem that has been increasing immensely in the United States. The amount of people using drugs is increasing drastically with people starting or trying illegal substances as a younger age. Drug abuse is the over use of legal and illegal substances. The abuse of drugs is the number one health related problem. Types of drugs commonly abused include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, painkillers, depressants, cocaine, stimulants, hallucinogens, heroin, and methamphetamine

Analysis Of George Orwell s Down With Big Brother

April 4, 1984, is the date that he wrote at the top of a diary. Put in another way, this was when he decided to rise in revolt against the Big Brother. Though a little defiance, he aimed to keep a diary not for himself, but for the future. Moreover, his attempts were never portrayed for the sake of his ambitions toward power. He wrote down, â€Å"Down with Big Brother.† This determined, bold declaration indicates that his diary would become the repository for everyone who has rebellious thoughts like Winston since he believes â€Å"If there is hope, it lies with the proles.† Even if this consequence comes to his death by the Party, his diary can trigger people to contemplate rebellion and inspire the future in which they all have the freedom to think, write, read, and live regarding concerning their desire. Such his intelligent and introspective characteristics serve as the classic hero in 1984; however, it also entails the difficulty in easily identifying a hero as the protagonist of 1984 since his heroism barely led the rebellion to a broader extent in the literal sense of the world that the Party takes a massive control of people. The conflict, more significantly, between his daily activities and the Party’s current reality, demonstrates the struggle that eventually resulted in the demise of Winston Smith, thereby emphasizing the manipulation of free will by the Big Brother. To begin, Winston Smith is characterized as a paradox by his name. His first name represents WinstonShow MoreRelatedNineteen Eighty Four By George Orwell Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review for Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell Jason Lee December 12, 2015 SECTION A Date published June 8, 1949 City where published London, England Publisher Secker Warburg Number of pages 267 SECTION B Summary of your book (key details only...address the beginning, middle, and end of the book) Nineteen Eighty-Four takes place in the fictional nationRead MoreThe Psychoanalysis of 19841019 Words   |  5 Pages The Psychoanalysis of 1984 The social structure of George Orwell’s 1984 is based on Freud’s map of the mind and the struggles between the id, the ego and the super ego. The minds of these individuals living in this society are trained to think a certain way. Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis can be applied to Orwell’s 1984. Using Freud’s psychoanalytic approach, 1984’s main character Winston Smith is portrayed as the one who goes against the ideas of the Party. In a Freudian point of view, Winston’sRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By George Orwell1931 Words   |  8 Pagesextent that it was illegal for any literature to exist, and if found books are burned by the firemen. Similar to Bradbury’s society, 1984 by George Orwell includes a corrupt government where members of the Party are under surveillance at all hours of the day, and the worst crime committed is thinking anything different from what the central leader, Big Brother, allows members to think. In order to express their concerns for the destructive path they view society taking, the authors of both FahrenheitRead MoreEssay about The People’s Republic of China: Tyrannical Political State?1912 Words   |  8 Pageswithin societies past and present. George Orwell prophetically writes about a futuristic society in his book entitled 1984. He uses hindsight of past and present political authority to illustrate the possibility of additional states imposing oppressed control. Orwell asserts the conflicting ideas with, â€Å"†¦the three slogans of the Party: War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength,† (Orwell, 4). In a clever, applicable, and daunting approach, Orwell challenges the so-called pragmatismRead MoreGeorge Orwell s The Film V For Vendetta Directed By James Mcteigue1989 Words   |  8 PagesIn society, people often look up to our government to provide honourable and righteous justice that upholds our basic human rights .Through the analysis of dystopian texts including 1984 written by George Orwell, Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut Jr, and the film V for Vendetta directed by James Mcteigue, the concept of a totalitarian government that exerts control over to the senses is explored throughout all these texts. The stripping of privacy and freedom demonstrates this control over the massRead MoreBrave New World vs Nineteen Eighty Four vs Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?2284 Words   |  10 PagesControllers. In despair, or perhaps as his last expression of individual freedom, he hangs himself. Like Huxley, George Orwell creates a controlling utopian society in Nineteen Eighty-Four which degrades humanity. In this novel, the shift in civilization occurs following the Revolution, another movement that was based on economic control, (Orwell, 38). Like Brave New World, Orwell presents a highly controlled caste society. In B.N.W. the world is at peace, but in Nineteen Eighty-Four, the worldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1205 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered to be an action in which common ideologies imposed. The individual imposing these ideologies does not believe in keeping their opinions quiet, rather this individual lets their opinions be known to the society. This phenomenon is evident in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 in which the protagonist, Winston possesses critical features of a rebel. 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Novels, like George Orwell’s 1984, can be analyzed through multiple lenses. The strongest analysis, however, can be conducted through the lenses of Marxism and psychoanalysis. Through these complementary lenses, readers gain an understanding of social constructs (Marxism) and the effects of these constructs on human behaviorRead MoreThe s Best Known Works Are? Politics And The English Language?3044 Words   |  13 PagesTwo of George Orwell?s best known works are ?Politics and the English Language? and 1984. In ?Politics and the English Language,? he points out many of the issues with the modern writings of his time, which are still problems today. Nineteen Eighty-Four focuses on the push of totalitarian rule by the government. Orwell?s ideas have been seen before, but he is considered to have presented them in one of the best ways t hat is still influential today. The decay of society as portrayed in George Orwell

The Congressional Medal of Honour Free Essays

string(46) " of Honour recipient Captain Darrell Lindsey\." The Medal of Honour is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is given to a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself â€Å"conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States†. Because of the nature of its criteria, the medal is often awarded posthumously. We will write a custom essay sample on The Congressional Medal of Honour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Members of all branches of the U. S. military are eligible to receive the medal, and each service has a unique design with the exception of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard, which both use the Navy’s medal. The Medal of Honour is often presented personally to the recipient or, in the case of posthumous awards, to next of kin, by the President of the United States. Due to its high status, the medal has special protection under U. S. law. The Medal of Honour is one of two military neck order awards issued by the United States Armed Forces, but is the sole neck order awarded to its members. The other is the Commander’s Degree of the Legion of Merit and is only authorized for issue to foreign dignitaries comparable to a US military chief of staff. While American service members are eligible for the Legion of Merit, they are awarded the lowest degree, â€Å"Legionnaire†, which is a standard suspended medal. The medal is frequently, albeit incorrectly, called the Congressional Medal of Honour, stemming from its award by the Department of Defence in the name of Congress. The first formal system for rewarding acts of individual gallantry by American soldiers was established by George Washington on August 7, 1782, when he created the Badge of Military Merit, designed to recognize any singularly meritorious action. This decoration is America’s first combat award and the second oldest American military decoration of any type, after the Fidelity Medallion. Although the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse after the American Revolutionary War, the concept of a military award for individual gallantry by members of the U. S. armed forces had been established. In 1847, after the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, a Certificate of Merit was established for soldiers who distinguished themselves in action. The certificate was later granted medal status as the Certificate of Merit Medal. Early in the Civil War, a medal for individual valour was proposed by Iowa Senator James W. Grimes to Winfield Scott, the Commanding General of the United States Army. Scott did not approve the proposal, but the medal did come into use in the Navy. Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valour, was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on December 21, 1861. The medal was â€Å"to be bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen, and Marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry and other seamanlike qualities during the present war. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles directed the Philadelphia Mint to design the new decoration. Shortly afterward, a resolution of similar wording was introduced on behalf of the Army and was signed into law on July 12, 1862. This measure provided for awarding a Medal of Honour, as the Navy version also came to be called to such non-commissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action, and other soldier-like qualities, during the present insurrection. The Medal of Honour has evolved in appearance since its creation in 1862. The present Army medal consists of a gold star surrounded by a wreath, topped by an eagle on a bar inscribed with the word â€Å"Valour. † The medal is attached by a hook to a light blue moire. There is a version of the medal for each branch of the U. S. armed forces: the Army, Navy and Air Force. Since the U. S. Marine Corps is administratively a part of the Department of the Navy, Marines receive the Navy medal. Before 1965, when the U. S. Air Force design was adopted, members of the U. S. Army Air Corps, U. S. Army Air Forces, and Air Force received the Army version of the medal. The Coast Guard Medal of Honour, which was distinguished from the Navy medal in 1963, has never been awarded, partly because the U. S. Coast Guard is subsumed into the U. S. Navy in time of declared war. No design yet exists for it. Only one member of the Coast Guard has received a Medal of Honour, Signalman 1st Class Douglas Munro, who was awarded the Navy version for action during the Battle of Guadalcanal. In the rare cases, 19 so far, where a service member has been awarded more than one Medal of Honour, current regulations specify that an appropriate award device be cantered on the Medal of Honour ribbon and neck medal. To indicate multiple presentations of the Medal of Honour, the U. S. Army and Air Force bestow oak leaf clusters, while the Navy Medal of Honour is worn with gold award stars. A ribbon which is the same shade of light blue as the neckband, and includes five white stars, pointed upwards, in the shape of an â€Å"M† is worn for situations other than full dress uniform. When the ribbon is worn, it is placed alone above the centre of the other ribbons. For wear with civilian clothing, a rosette is issued instead of a miniature lapel pin (which usually shows the ribbon bar). The rosette is the same shade of blue as the neck ribbon and includes white stars. The ribbon and rosette are presented at the same time as the medal. On October 23, 2003 a Medal of Honour flag was to be presented to recipients of the decoration. The flag was based on a concept by retired Army Special Forces 1SG. Bill Kendall of Jefferson, Iowa, who designed a flag to honour Medal of Honour recipient Captain Darrell Lindsey. You read "The Congressional Medal of Honour" in category "Papers" Kendall’s design of a light blue field emblazoned with thirteen white five-pointed stars was nearly identical to that of Sarah LeClerc’s of the Institute of Heraldry. LeClerc’s design, ultimately accepted as the official flag, does not include the words â€Å"Medal of Honour† and is fringed in gold. The colour of the field and the 13 white stars, arranged in the form of a three bar chevron, consisting of two chevrons of 5 stars and one chevron of 3 stars, replicate the Medal of Honour ribbon. The flag has no set proportions. The first Medal of Honour recipient to receive the official flag was Paul R. Smith. The flag was cased and presented to his family along with his medal. A special ceremony presenting this flag to 60 Medal of Honour recipients was held onboard the USS Constitution Template:WP Ships USS instances on September 30, 2006. There are two distinct protocols for awarding the Medal of Honour. The first and most common is nomination by a service member in the chain of command, followed by approval at each level of command. The other method is nomination by a member of Congress and approval by a special act of Congress. In either case, the Medal of Honour is presented by the President on behalf of the Congress. Several months after President Abraham Lincoln signed Public Resolution 82 into law on December 21, 1861, a similar resolution for the Army was passed. Six Union soldiers who hijacked the General, a Confederate locomotive were the first recipients. Raid leader James J. Andrews, a civilian hanged as a Union spy, did not receive the medal. Many Medals of Honour awarded in the 19th century were associated with saving the flag, not just for patriotic reasons, but because the flag was a primary means of battlefield communication. During the time of the Civil War, no other military award was authorized, and to many this explains why some seemingly less notable actions were recognized by the Medal of Honour during that war. The criteria for the award tightened after World War I. In the post-World War II era, many eligible recipients might instead have been awarded a Silver Star, Navy Cross or similar award. During the Civil War, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton promised a Medal of Honour to every man in the 27th Regiment, Maine Infantry who extended his enlistment beyond the agreed upon date. Many stayed four days extra, and then were discharged. Due to confusion, Stanton awarded a Medal of Honour to all 864 men in the regiment. In 1916, a board of five Army generals convened by law to review every Army Medal of Honour awarded. The commission, led by Nelson Miles, recommended that the Army rescind 911 medals. This included the 864 medals awarded to members of the 27th Maine, 29 who served as Abraham Lincoln’s funeral guard, six civilians (including Dr Mary Edwards Walker, the only woman to have been awarded the medal), Buffalo Bill Cody, and 12 others whose awards were judged frivolous. Dr. Walker’s medal was restored posthumously by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. Cody’s award was restored in 1989. Early in the 20th century, the Navy awarded many Medals of Honour for peacetime bravery. For instance, seven sailors aboard the USS Iowa received the medal when a boiler exploded on January 25, 1904. Aboard the USS Chicago in 1901, John Henry Helms received the medal for saving Ishi Tomizi, the ship’s cook, from drowning. Even after World War I, Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett received the medal for exploration of the North Pole. Thomas J. Ryan received it for saving a woman from the burning Grand Hotel in Yokohama, Japan following the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake. Between 1919 and 1942, the Navy issued two separate versions of the Medal of Honour, one for non-combat bravery and the other for combat-related acts. Official accounts vary, but generally the non-combat Medal of Honour was known as the Tiffany Cross, after the company that manufactured the medal. The Tiffany Cross was first issued in 1919 but was rare and unpopular, partly because it was presented both for combat and non-combat events. As a result, in 1942, the United States Navy reverted to a single Medal of Honour, awarded only for heroism. Since the beginning of World War II, the medal has been awarded for extreme bravery beyond the call of duty while engaged in action against an enemy. Arising from these criteria, approximately 60% of the medals earned during and after World War II have been awarded posthumously. Capt. William McGonagle is an exception to the enemy action rule, earning his medal during the USS Liberty incident. A 1993 study commissioned by the Army described systematic racial and religious discrimination in the criteria for awarding medals during World War II. At the time, no Medals of Honour had been awarded to black soldiers who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review of files, the study recommended that several black Distinguished Service Cross recipients be upgraded to the Medal of Honour. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton awarded the medal to seven African American World War II veterans. Of these, only Vernon Baker was still alive. A similar study of Asian Americans in 1998 resulted in President Bill Clinton awarding 21 new Medals of Honour in 2000, including 20 to Japanese American members of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, among them Senator Daniel Inouye. In 2005, President George W. Bush awarded the Medal of Honour to Jewish veteran and Holocaust survivor Tibor Rubin, whom many believed to have been overlooked because of his religion. This medal’s history stretches back into our bloody war history, it has seen its own trials and tribulations and like America is has grown and melded itself into the prestigious award that it is today. I believe the medal has been properly issued to service members and at the same time given away freely, but that does not take away from the honour and respect each recipient deserves. These recipients are text book example of perfect military stature and then some. All of them go above and beyond anyone’s expectations that even they themselves had. The most surprising thing is that all of them did these marvellous and mind blowing deeds of service at such a young military age, the same and even younger age of my own. It not only blows my mind at how they accomplish or even began to go through with what they did but they did it without an order or a self doubt, to me they got in the perfect mindset of selfless service and their one goal was to help other and complete the mission. My first pick of recipients is Private First Class Willy F. James, U. S. Army, Company G, 413th Infantry near Lippoldsberg, Germany, 7 April 1945. Private First Class Willy F. James, Jr. distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism at the risk of his own life on 7 April 1945 in the Weser River Valley, in the vicinity of Lippoldsberg, Germany. On 7 April 1945, Company G, 413th Infantry, fought its way across the Weser River in order to establish a crucial bridgehead. The company then launched a fierce attack against the town of Lippoldsberg, possession of which was vital to securing and expanding the important bridgehead. Private First Class James was first scout of the lead squad in the assault platoon. The mission of the unit was to seize and secure a group of houses on the edge of town, a foothold from which the unit could launch an attack on the rest of the town. Far out in the front, Private First Class James was the first to draw enemy fire. His platoon leader came forward to investigate, but poor visibility made it difficult for Private First Class James to point out enemy positions with any accuracy. Private First Class James volunteered to go forward to fully reconnoiter the enemy situation. Furious crossfire from enemy snipers and machine guns finally pinned down Private First Class James after he had made his way forward approximately 200 yards across open terrain. Lying in an exposed position for more than an hour, Private First Class James intrepidly observed the enemy’s positions, which were given away by the fire he was daringly drawing upon himself. Then, with utter indifference to his personal safety, in a storm of enemy small arms fire, Private First Class James made his way back more than 300 yards across open terrain under enemy observation to his platoon positions, and gave a full detailed report on the enemy disposition. The unit worked out a new plan of maneuver based on Private First Class James’s information. The gallant soldier volunteered to lead a squad in an assault on the key house in the group that formed the platoon objective. He made his way forward, leading his squad in an assault on the strongly-held enemy positions in the building and designating targets accurately and continuously as he moved along. While doing so, Private First Class James saw his platoon leader shot down by enemy snipers. Hastily designating and coolly orienting a leader in his place, Private First Class James instantly went to the aid of his platoon leader, exposing himself recklessly to the incessant enemy fire. As he was making his way across open ground, Private First Class James was killed by a burst from an enemy machine gun. Private First Class James’s extraordinarily heroic action in the face of withering enemy fire provided the disposition of enemy troops to his platoon. Inspired to the utmost by Private First Class James’s self sacrifice, the platoon sustained the momentum of the assault and successfully accomplished its mission with a minimum of casualties. Private First Class James contributed very definitely to the success of his battalion in the vitally important combat operation of establishing and expanding a bridgehead over the Weser River. His fearless, self-assigned actions far above and beyond the normal call of duty exemplify the finest traditions of the American combat soldier and reflect the highest credit upon Private First Class James and the Armed Forces of the United States. Private First Class James is a prime example of what a man should be. He ran through enemy fire, and then while in the midst of the fire still had the discipline and the bravery to observe fire positions and any other useful information that he could see from his position. On top of that he still was able to fall back to his platoon 300 meters behind him. How to cite The Congressional Medal of Honour, Papers

Cocoa Commodity Essay Example For Students

Cocoa Commodity Essay Today, West Africa is famous to the whole world for the conquest of the cocoa industry. Ivory Coast has the largest number of processing companies. However, in order to get this well-known product, special conditions are required. Not many people think about what is behind the chocolate bar. Growing cocoa trees has become one of the most common types of income for farmers in West Africa. In Ivory Coast, at the age of 10, children of farmers help in processing companies under the tight conditions. The Background The tree Cocoa has a scientific botanical name  Theobroma cacao. It was given in 1753 by the Swedish naturalist Karl Linnaeus (1707 1778), which means in Latin food of the gods. By nature, cocoa blooms almost all year round and the branches and trunks of cocoa trees are literally covered with dense, five-petal flowers of delicate pink-reddish tones, and in any season farmers can see flowers and fruits at the same time on the branches of cocoa trees. However, almost a tenth of all flowers turn into cocoa beans. The trees can reach a height of 10-15 meters, but on the plantations, they are usually pruned at a level of several meters to facilitate the collection of fruits. Each tree brings such fruits pieces 20-30 per year. And they are formed not only on the branches but also on the trunk of the tree. The hard fruits of a cocoa tree are like small melons or rugby balls. Their length is 15-30 centimeters, weight 400-500 grams. It is difficult to determine the color because as the cocoa beans ripen, it changes from green to yellow, red or orange. Each fruit contains from 20 to 30 seeds, which are laid in five rows. This is what 500 years ago called cocoa beans. So they are called today, but they have nothing to do with real beans and legumes. Cocoa seeds (they are also beans) can be round, flat, convex, with a grayish, bluish or brownish tinge. Ripe seeds roll inside the fruit with a thud. Under the good conditions, the tree gives up to 2 kilograms of cocoa beans per year. Freshly harvested cocoa beans are unsuitable for use in the manufacture of chocolate and are not suitable for any food purposes. However, it is one of the most â€Å"demanding† seeds in the world. If they are not taken care of, they lose their germination in a few days. The cocoa tree grows relatively slowly, even on the most well-groomed and carefully prepared lands, they begin to bear fruit only 305 years after planting. To achieve maximum yield trees, need 10 years and good conditions, but in general, the fruiting period can last up to 50 years. The Process of Production Cocoa is not only a commodity but also an income of 40-50 million farmers in West Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Production can hardly be called modern and advanced: 90 percent of cocoa is grown on small farms by farmers. Cocoa fruits ripen throughout the year, but the main crop is harvested twice a year: in November-January and May-July. The optimal time for harvesting is 2–3 weeks after fruit ripening. The thick shell of the fruit is opened with a sharp knife-machete (often also with a wooden hammer or two fruits against each other), the cocoa beans are manually removed, dried for 24 hours in the sun, covered in troughs or boxes, covered with banana leaves or burlap, left for 24– 48 hours and then dried in the sun for three days. Then the beans are piled up in moderately heated rooms and left for 4-6 days or placed in barrels and buried in the ground (at the same time). During such processing, they undergo fermentation, due to which they acquire brown tones of different degrees of saturation, an oily taste, and a pleasantly sweet aroma. After that, they are scattered on dry soil or mats, dried in the sun for 4–6 days, at the same time picking up spoiled or damaged ones. .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d , .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .postImageUrl , .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d , .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d:hover , .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d:visited , .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d:active { border:0!important; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d:active , .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4557917b35de955c9f6cc9065a4dff5d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alcohol and the Liver EssayDelivery Despite the method of transportation of commodity, there are mandatory conditions for the transport of it. The container must be completely clean, as well as to avoid extraneous odors. Therefore, professional transport companies should always be responsible for the microclimate of the container. It is worth noting that commodity can be unloaded and immersed only with the help of gloves and clean clothes. Cocoa beans very easily absorb moisture and odors, that is why they are transported in special bags of jute, and the powder can be transported only in wooden containers but sometimes bags can heat up from friction, and if moisture appears, this leads to damage to the commodity. The World Market Ivory Coast is the predominant country in the cocoa industry, with a total volume of 30% of total world production. Most of the world demand for this product comes from processing companies. During 2016-2017, the global demand for chocolate confectionery products exceeded 7,450 tons, which is 10 percent more compared to 2011 figures. The demand for the chocolate industry is fueled by increased consumption in China and India. In India, consumption grew by 13 percent in 2016. 20 percent of global chocolate consumption comes from the United States. The highest chocolate consumption per capita in Switzerland is 11 kg/year of chocolate. Cocoa beans prices showed good growth, driven by declining bean revenues in the ports of Ivory Coast, as well as the end of the 2017 and 2018 season in West African countries with lower carry-overs, which seasonally contributes to price increases. The low liquidity in the Ivory Coast financial system, which is caused by the liquidation of the largest local exporter of cocoa beans, creates problems for cocoa exports at the beginning of the new 2019 season. Many economists believe that the cocoa industry balance will shift from a surplus to a shortage of supply due to a decline in the production of beans in the world and the return to the market of processing companies.